MJN 2014 Issues
Malaysian Journal of Nutrition
Volume 20 No.1, 2014
Table of Content
In Memoriam
DR CHONG YOON HIN
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Association between Home Environment, Dietary Practice, and Physical Activity among Primary School Children in Selangor, Malaysia
Woon FC, Chin YS, Kaartina S, Fara Wahida R, Hiew CC & Mohd Nasir M T
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The home environment plays an influential role in affecting dietary and physical activity practices of children. This study aimed to determine the association between the home environment, dietary practice and physical activity among primary school children in Selangor. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in five primary schools selected using multistage stratified sampling. A total of 293 children (32.8% males and 67.2% females) (mean age of 11.0±0.9 years) and their parents (10.7% fathers and 89.3% mothers) completed the study. Dietary practice of the children was assessed using a two-day dietary recall. Energy expenditure and physical activity of the children were assessed using a two-day physical activity recall. Parents of the children completed the Home Environment Survey (HES). Results: The mean energy intake of the children was 1765±416 kcal/day with 75.0% not achieving the Malaysian Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) for energy. Almost all children (96.5%) were physically inactive, with a mean energy expenditure of 1269±342 kcal/day. High availability of fruit/vegetable at home was associated with high vegetable intake (r=0.128, p<0.05) and low fat intake (r=-0.115, p<0.05). High availability of fats/sweets at home (r=0.125, p<0.05) and parental role modelling of healthy eating (r=0.117, p<0.05) were associated with high fruit intake. High availability of physical activity equipment at home was associated with high energy expenditure (r=0.123, p<0.05). Parental role modelling of physical activity was associated with high energy expenditure (r=0.123, p<0.05) and high physical activity (r=0.123, p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicate the important roles of parents in promoting healthy eating and active lifestyles among children.
Key words: Children, dietary practice, home environment, physical activity
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Introduction: The home environment plays an influential role in affecting dietary and physical activity practices of children. This study aimed to determine the association between the home environment, dietary practice and physical activity among primary school children in Selangor. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in five primary schools selected using multistage stratified sampling. A total of 293 children (32.8% males and 67.2% females) (mean age of 11.0±0.9 years) and their parents (10.7% fathers and 89.3% mothers) completed the study. Dietary practice of the children was assessed using a two-day dietary recall. Energy expenditure and physical activity of the children were assessed using a two-day physical activity recall. Parents of the children completed the Home Environment Survey (HES). Results: The mean energy intake of the children was 1765±416 kcal/day with 75.0% not achieving the Malaysian Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) for energy. Almost all children (96.5%) were physically inactive, with a mean energy expenditure of 1269±342 kcal/day. High availability of fruit/vegetable at home was associated with high vegetable intake (r=0.128, p<0.05) and low fat intake (r=-0.115, p<0.05). High availability of fats/sweets at home (r=0.125, p<0.05) and parental role modelling of healthy eating (r=0.117, p<0.05) were associated with high fruit intake. High availability of physical activity equipment at home was associated with high energy expenditure (r=0.123, p<0.05). Parental role modelling of physical activity was associated with high energy expenditure (r=0.123, p<0.05) and high physical activity (r=0.123, p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicate the important roles of parents in promoting healthy eating and active lifestyles among children.
Key words: Children, dietary practice, home environment, physical activity
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Comparison of Lactational Performance of Vegetarian and Non-Vegetarian Mothers in Indonesia
Fikawati S, Syafiq A, Kusharisupeni, Irawati A & Karima K
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Vegetarian mothers are known to have lower pre-pregnancy nutritional status, thereby posing an increased risk to pregnancy outcomes, including lower maternal fat stores for lactation. This study aimed at analysing the association between predominant breastfeeding on the nutritional status of lactating vegetarian mothers and growth of their breastfed infants. Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted on mother-infant pairs who practised breastfeeding in five cities in Indonesia, selected purposively based on the Indonesia Vegetarian Society database. A total of 42 pairs of vegetarian and 43 pairs of non-vegetarian were followed since delivery to 24 weeks infant age. Anthropometric measurements (weight of infant and mother, length of infant) were taken of each subject every 4 weeks. Finally, 15 vegetarian and 18 non-vegetarian mother-infant pairs who had successfully followed through the 24 weeks of predominant breastfeeding were analysed. Results: Socio-demographic characteristics did not differ between the two dietary groups except in maternal parity. Vegetarian mothers had lower pre-pregnancy BMI but higher pregnancy weight gain compared to non-vegetarian mothers. This study shows that predominant breastfeeding had no effect on infant weight and length but had significant effect on mothers' BMI and weight loss. Conclusions: Without adequate energy intake during lactation, the postpartum nutritional status of the vegetarian mothers declined over time. The mothers in the non-vegetarian group in this study had a significantly greater energy intake compared with the vegetarians. This is the key factor for successful lactation performance of a 6- month duration of predominant breastfeeding as it offers good nutritional outcomes for both the mother and the infant.
Key words: Lactation performance, nutritional status, non-vegetarian mothers, vegetarian mothers
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Introduction: Vegetarian mothers are known to have lower pre-pregnancy nutritional status, thereby posing an increased risk to pregnancy outcomes, including lower maternal fat stores for lactation. This study aimed at analysing the association between predominant breastfeeding on the nutritional status of lactating vegetarian mothers and growth of their breastfed infants. Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted on mother-infant pairs who practised breastfeeding in five cities in Indonesia, selected purposively based on the Indonesia Vegetarian Society database. A total of 42 pairs of vegetarian and 43 pairs of non-vegetarian were followed since delivery to 24 weeks infant age. Anthropometric measurements (weight of infant and mother, length of infant) were taken of each subject every 4 weeks. Finally, 15 vegetarian and 18 non-vegetarian mother-infant pairs who had successfully followed through the 24 weeks of predominant breastfeeding were analysed. Results: Socio-demographic characteristics did not differ between the two dietary groups except in maternal parity. Vegetarian mothers had lower pre-pregnancy BMI but higher pregnancy weight gain compared to non-vegetarian mothers. This study shows that predominant breastfeeding had no effect on infant weight and length but had significant effect on mothers' BMI and weight loss. Conclusions: Without adequate energy intake during lactation, the postpartum nutritional status of the vegetarian mothers declined over time. The mothers in the non-vegetarian group in this study had a significantly greater energy intake compared with the vegetarians. This is the key factor for successful lactation performance of a 6- month duration of predominant breastfeeding as it offers good nutritional outcomes for both the mother and the infant.
Key words: Lactation performance, nutritional status, non-vegetarian mothers, vegetarian mothers
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Association between Caregiver Burden with Feeding Problems and Functional Status of Patients with Dementia
Suzana S, Chong HY, Lee YH, Nurfatina MD, Nurwahidayu AW, Siah JP, Nurul A & Rosdinom R
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Feeding difficulty and functional disability are common problems among patients with dementia but their influence on caregivers' burden has not been addressed comprehensively. Thus, this study aimed to determine the association between feeding problems, functional status and caregiver burden among patients with dementia who receive outpatient treatment at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (LTKIvIMC) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, as compared to their non-demented counterparts. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 30 patients with dementia (12 men, 18 women, mean age 75 ± 7 years old) and 60 subjects without dementia (25 men, 35 women, mean age 69 ± 7 years), as well as their caregivers. Subjects' functional status, feeding problems and also caregiver burden were assessed using Activities of Daily Livings (ADLs) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) questionnaire, The Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation in Dementia Questionnaire (EdFED-Q) and Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), respectively. Subjects were also measured for height and weight. Results: Patients with dementia needed supervision (50%) and physical help during mealtime (40%). The mean functional status score of these patients was higher than the patients without dementia (p<0.05). Caregiver burden score was positively correlated with the EdFED-Q score (r=0.405, p<0.05) but negatively correlated with functional status score (r-¬0.475, p<0.01). Further, multiple regression analysis showed that after adjustment for age, EdFED-Q score and functional status remained correlated with caregiver burden at R2 of 0.210. Conclusion: Caregiver burden is associated with feeding problems and functional disability among patients with dementia. There is a need to educate the caregivers in order to improve the quality of life of both carers and the demented patients.
Key words: Caregiver burden, dementia, feeding problems, functional status, outpatient
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Introduction: Feeding difficulty and functional disability are common problems among patients with dementia but their influence on caregivers' burden has not been addressed comprehensively. Thus, this study aimed to determine the association between feeding problems, functional status and caregiver burden among patients with dementia who receive outpatient treatment at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (LTKIvIMC) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, as compared to their non-demented counterparts. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 30 patients with dementia (12 men, 18 women, mean age 75 ± 7 years old) and 60 subjects without dementia (25 men, 35 women, mean age 69 ± 7 years), as well as their caregivers. Subjects' functional status, feeding problems and also caregiver burden were assessed using Activities of Daily Livings (ADLs) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) questionnaire, The Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation in Dementia Questionnaire (EdFED-Q) and Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), respectively. Subjects were also measured for height and weight. Results: Patients with dementia needed supervision (50%) and physical help during mealtime (40%). The mean functional status score of these patients was higher than the patients without dementia (p<0.05). Caregiver burden score was positively correlated with the EdFED-Q score (r=0.405, p<0.05) but negatively correlated with functional status score (r-¬0.475, p<0.01). Further, multiple regression analysis showed that after adjustment for age, EdFED-Q score and functional status remained correlated with caregiver burden at R2 of 0.210. Conclusion: Caregiver burden is associated with feeding problems and functional disability among patients with dementia. There is a need to educate the caregivers in order to improve the quality of life of both carers and the demented patients.
Key words: Caregiver burden, dementia, feeding problems, functional status, outpatient
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Menarche, Nutritional Status and Body Size in 10 to 12 Year-Old Girls from Kashipur, Purulia, West Bengal, India
Datta Banik S
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Age at menarche (AM) is an important growth and maturity indicator in girls. Pre- and post-menarcheal age-peers differ in BMI-based nutritional status and growth of linear dimensions of body measurements. Methods: Using a cross-sectional approach, body size and nutritional status were evaluated in pre-menarcheal (n=50) and post-menarcheal (n=50) school-going Hindu girls aged 10.0 to 12.87 years. All were from socio-economically poor families in a rural area of Kashipur, Purulia district, West Bengal state, India. Anthropometric parameters included the following: height; body weight; body mass index (BMI); sitting height (SH); subischial leg length (SLL); knee height (KH); bi-acromial diameter (BAD); bi-iliocristal diameter (BILCD); and hip breadth (HB). Z-scores of height-for-age (HAZ) and BMI-for-age (BMIZ) were calculated following WHO to evaluate stunting (low HAZ) and thinness (low BMIZ) Results: The mean age was 11.12 years for pre-menarcheal girls and 11.32 years for post-menarcheal girls. Mean and median AM were 10.52 years and 10.80 years respectively. Post-menarcheal girls had higher mean anthropometric characteristics than pre-menarcheal girls with significant difference (p< 0.05). Undemutrition was frequent among girls, including stunting (pre-menarcheal 62%, post-menarcheal girls 38%), thinness or low BMI-for-age (pre-menarcheal 16%, post-menarcheal 28%), and composite burden of stunting and thinness (pre-menarcheal 14%, post-menarcheal girls 18%). Girls with low BMI-for-age had shorter SH, SLL, KH, BAD, BILCD, and HB. Linear combination of body dimensions significantly (p< 0.05) predicted post-menarcheal status through binary logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: Pre-menarcheal girls experienced a higher degree of chronic undernutrition (stunting). Post¬menarcheal girls showed a greater body size than pre-menarcheal age-peers.
Key words: Biacromial diameter, height, hip breadth, leg length, menarche
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Introduction: Age at menarche (AM) is an important growth and maturity indicator in girls. Pre- and post-menarcheal age-peers differ in BMI-based nutritional status and growth of linear dimensions of body measurements. Methods: Using a cross-sectional approach, body size and nutritional status were evaluated in pre-menarcheal (n=50) and post-menarcheal (n=50) school-going Hindu girls aged 10.0 to 12.87 years. All were from socio-economically poor families in a rural area of Kashipur, Purulia district, West Bengal state, India. Anthropometric parameters included the following: height; body weight; body mass index (BMI); sitting height (SH); subischial leg length (SLL); knee height (KH); bi-acromial diameter (BAD); bi-iliocristal diameter (BILCD); and hip breadth (HB). Z-scores of height-for-age (HAZ) and BMI-for-age (BMIZ) were calculated following WHO to evaluate stunting (low HAZ) and thinness (low BMIZ) Results: The mean age was 11.12 years for pre-menarcheal girls and 11.32 years for post-menarcheal girls. Mean and median AM were 10.52 years and 10.80 years respectively. Post-menarcheal girls had higher mean anthropometric characteristics than pre-menarcheal girls with significant difference (p< 0.05). Undemutrition was frequent among girls, including stunting (pre-menarcheal 62%, post-menarcheal girls 38%), thinness or low BMI-for-age (pre-menarcheal 16%, post-menarcheal 28%), and composite burden of stunting and thinness (pre-menarcheal 14%, post-menarcheal girls 18%). Girls with low BMI-for-age had shorter SH, SLL, KH, BAD, BILCD, and HB. Linear combination of body dimensions significantly (p< 0.05) predicted post-menarcheal status through binary logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: Pre-menarcheal girls experienced a higher degree of chronic undernutrition (stunting). Post¬menarcheal girls showed a greater body size than pre-menarcheal age-peers.
Key words: Biacromial diameter, height, hip breadth, leg length, menarche
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Association of Lifestyle Factors with Obesity Indices among Adolescents in Amman, Jordan
Tayyem RF, AI-Hazzaa HM, Abu-Mweis SS, Bawadi HA, Qatatsheh A & Musaiger AO
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between physical activity level, sedentary behaviour and eating habits with obesity indices of body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)) among Jordanian adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the capital city of Jordan, Amman. The participants were 735 secondary school males (386) and females (349) aged 14-18 years who were randomly selected using a multistage stratified cluster sampling technique. Weight, height, BMI, waist circumference (WC), WHtR, screen time, physical activity level, and eating habits were assessed. Results: Compared with males, females were significantly (p<0.05) less physically active, skipped breakfast more frequently, consumed more sweets and potato chips and had less fruits and milk intake. The results of analysis of covariance showed that overweight and obesity (based on BMI or WHtR categories) were significantly (p< 0.05) different with regard to gender, type of school, lower intakes (<3 d/week) of breakfast, milk and sugar sweetened drinks. Conclusion: Knowledge of the factors that contribute to obesity could be used in preventive programmes for the control of obesity among adolescents in Jordan. Promotion of physical activity and healthy dietary habits among Jordanian adolescents is urgently needed.
Key words: Adolescents, BMI, Jordan, lifestyle factors, obesity, waist-to-height ratio
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Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between physical activity level, sedentary behaviour and eating habits with obesity indices of body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)) among Jordanian adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the capital city of Jordan, Amman. The participants were 735 secondary school males (386) and females (349) aged 14-18 years who were randomly selected using a multistage stratified cluster sampling technique. Weight, height, BMI, waist circumference (WC), WHtR, screen time, physical activity level, and eating habits were assessed. Results: Compared with males, females were significantly (p<0.05) less physically active, skipped breakfast more frequently, consumed more sweets and potato chips and had less fruits and milk intake. The results of analysis of covariance showed that overweight and obesity (based on BMI or WHtR categories) were significantly (p< 0.05) different with regard to gender, type of school, lower intakes (<3 d/week) of breakfast, milk and sugar sweetened drinks. Conclusion: Knowledge of the factors that contribute to obesity could be used in preventive programmes for the control of obesity among adolescents in Jordan. Promotion of physical activity and healthy dietary habits among Jordanian adolescents is urgently needed.
Key words: Adolescents, BMI, Jordan, lifestyle factors, obesity, waist-to-height ratio
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Occurrence of Vitamin D Deficiency among Women in North Sumatera, Indonesia
Dina Keumala S, Harun Alrasyid D, Nurindrawaty L & Zulkifli L
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Low levels of serum 25(OH)D in women are reported in temperate countries, and increasingly so in tropical countries but few such studies have been reported in Indonesia. This study was aimed at assessing the serum vitamin D status and its associated factors in a sample of Indonesian women Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 156 apparently healthy women during the dry season in North Sumatera. The measurements carried out included exposure to sun's rays, intake of vitamin D food sources, reported physical activity, body fatness (by bioelectrical impedance analysis), and serum 25(OH)D levels (by chemiluminescent immunoassay). Serum 25(OH)D levels were categorised into: deficient(<20 ng/mL), insufficient (20-32 ng/mL), sufficient (32-100 ng/ mL), and normal for tropical countries (54-90 ng/mL). Statistical analysis included Pearson correlation, independent t-test, and one way ANOVA tests. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 35.6±7.7 years, with about 70% working indoors. About half of the women were obese. The majority had low vitamin D intake. More than half had sun ray exposure of less than 1 hour, and moreover, nearly two-thirds of them wore the 'hijab' that covers most parts of their body. The majority of women reported low physical activity level. The mean serum 25(OH)D level of the subjects was 17.71 ng/mL (95% CI: 16.22, 19.34 ng/mL). Of the total, 95% (148) were in the vitamin D deficient-insufficient category, with the remaining 5% in the sufficient category. An association was found between occupation, dietary intake of vitamin D, sun ray exposure, and physical activity levels with serum vitamin D concentrations. Conclusion: The results showed that vitamin D deficiency can occur in women living in a tropical country if they have sun-avoiding lifestyles, work indoors, and have low dietary intake of vitamin D.
Key words: Occupation, serum 25(OH)D levels, sun ray exposure, vitamin D food sources
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Introduction: Low levels of serum 25(OH)D in women are reported in temperate countries, and increasingly so in tropical countries but few such studies have been reported in Indonesia. This study was aimed at assessing the serum vitamin D status and its associated factors in a sample of Indonesian women Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 156 apparently healthy women during the dry season in North Sumatera. The measurements carried out included exposure to sun's rays, intake of vitamin D food sources, reported physical activity, body fatness (by bioelectrical impedance analysis), and serum 25(OH)D levels (by chemiluminescent immunoassay). Serum 25(OH)D levels were categorised into: deficient(<20 ng/mL), insufficient (20-32 ng/mL), sufficient (32-100 ng/ mL), and normal for tropical countries (54-90 ng/mL). Statistical analysis included Pearson correlation, independent t-test, and one way ANOVA tests. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 35.6±7.7 years, with about 70% working indoors. About half of the women were obese. The majority had low vitamin D intake. More than half had sun ray exposure of less than 1 hour, and moreover, nearly two-thirds of them wore the 'hijab' that covers most parts of their body. The majority of women reported low physical activity level. The mean serum 25(OH)D level of the subjects was 17.71 ng/mL (95% CI: 16.22, 19.34 ng/mL). Of the total, 95% (148) were in the vitamin D deficient-insufficient category, with the remaining 5% in the sufficient category. An association was found between occupation, dietary intake of vitamin D, sun ray exposure, and physical activity levels with serum vitamin D concentrations. Conclusion: The results showed that vitamin D deficiency can occur in women living in a tropical country if they have sun-avoiding lifestyles, work indoors, and have low dietary intake of vitamin D.
Key words: Occupation, serum 25(OH)D levels, sun ray exposure, vitamin D food sources
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Prevalence of Underweight and Effect of Nutritional Status on Academic Performance of Primary School Children in Chapainawabganj District, Bangladesh
Md Golam H, Md Saimul I, Kazi Enamul H, Md Ashraful I, Mamun ASMA, Kamruzzaman M & Saw A
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The high prevalence of underweight among children is a serious health concern in Bangladesh. Nutritional status influences students' academic performance directly or indirectly. This study aimed to determine factors that affect the academic performance of students in primary schools. Methods: Data were collected from several schools and madrasahs in Chapainawabganj district, Bangladesh using multistage stratified sampling with proportional allocation technique. Results: The prevalence of underweight children was 32.3%, with 43.0% of them being girls and 21.4% boys. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that normal weight children were more likely (p<0.05) to obtain good results (GPA >3.50) than underweight children. Children with gestational age of 39 to 41 weeks were more likely to obtain good results than those whose gestational age was 37 and 38 weeks. Children who were breastfed for <24 months were less likely (p<0.01) to perform well academically (GPA>3.50) compared to their counterparts. Children whose parents had a higher income or higher education had a significantly better chance of obtaining good results compared to their counterparts. Conclusion: These results suggest that childhood nutritional status, parents' education and economic level are significant common factors which affect children's academic performance. Consequently, under-nutrition and poverty can be considered as the major problems for good academic performance of Bangladeshi children and requires attention.
Key words: Logistic regression, Primary School Certificate (PSC) examination, stepwise regression, underweight
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Introduction: The high prevalence of underweight among children is a serious health concern in Bangladesh. Nutritional status influences students' academic performance directly or indirectly. This study aimed to determine factors that affect the academic performance of students in primary schools. Methods: Data were collected from several schools and madrasahs in Chapainawabganj district, Bangladesh using multistage stratified sampling with proportional allocation technique. Results: The prevalence of underweight children was 32.3%, with 43.0% of them being girls and 21.4% boys. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that normal weight children were more likely (p<0.05) to obtain good results (GPA >3.50) than underweight children. Children with gestational age of 39 to 41 weeks were more likely to obtain good results than those whose gestational age was 37 and 38 weeks. Children who were breastfed for <24 months were less likely (p<0.01) to perform well academically (GPA>3.50) compared to their counterparts. Children whose parents had a higher income or higher education had a significantly better chance of obtaining good results compared to their counterparts. Conclusion: These results suggest that childhood nutritional status, parents' education and economic level are significant common factors which affect children's academic performance. Consequently, under-nutrition and poverty can be considered as the major problems for good academic performance of Bangladeshi children and requires attention.
Key words: Logistic regression, Primary School Certificate (PSC) examination, stepwise regression, underweight
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Development and Evaluation of Weaning Foods Using Locally Available Nutritious Fruits in Bangladesh
Satter MA, Jabin SA, Abedin N, Islam MF, Parvin R, Dhali M & Amin MZ
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Bangladesh has one of the highest rates of malnutrition in the world although the country is endowed with agricultural produce that could be properly utilised to prepare adequate food for children. Considering this, three weaning foods were formulated using locally available cereals and nutritious fruits such as wheat, soya flour, jackfruit and mango. Methods: Standard procedures of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) and American Public Health Association (APHA) were used to determine the chemical composition and microbiological analysis. Organoleptic qualities were analysed by twenty adult panelists of the Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh, using a 9-hedonic scale against a cereal based commercial brand as standard for proximate and sensory properties. Results: The moisture content of the developed weaning foods ranged from 2.78-3.59%, crude protein content 14.74-16.55%, fat 11.04-12.70%, ash 1.38-1.68%, crude fibre 1.04-1.52%, carbohydrate 65.83-71.09% and energy content from 445.80-465.48 kcal/100g of the foods. The formulated weaning foods A, B and C were significantly different (p<0.05) in moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate and energy contents from the commercial brand, D. According to rat bioassay method, the prepared weaning foods C and B had the highest Protein Efficiency Ratio and Feed Efficiency Ratio than the commercial brand, D. Total bacterial counts were nil for all weaning foods. Sensory analysis revealed acceptability of all the weaning foods and preference for weaning food C that compared favorably with the standard in all the quality attributes. Conclusion: The formulated weaning foods are inexpensive and nutritious, and its ingredients are locally available. These foods have the potential for improving malnutrition problems facing children in Bangladesh.
Key words: Jackfruit, malnutrition, mango, soya flour, weaning food
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Introduction: Bangladesh has one of the highest rates of malnutrition in the world although the country is endowed with agricultural produce that could be properly utilised to prepare adequate food for children. Considering this, three weaning foods were formulated using locally available cereals and nutritious fruits such as wheat, soya flour, jackfruit and mango. Methods: Standard procedures of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) and American Public Health Association (APHA) were used to determine the chemical composition and microbiological analysis. Organoleptic qualities were analysed by twenty adult panelists of the Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh, using a 9-hedonic scale against a cereal based commercial brand as standard for proximate and sensory properties. Results: The moisture content of the developed weaning foods ranged from 2.78-3.59%, crude protein content 14.74-16.55%, fat 11.04-12.70%, ash 1.38-1.68%, crude fibre 1.04-1.52%, carbohydrate 65.83-71.09% and energy content from 445.80-465.48 kcal/100g of the foods. The formulated weaning foods A, B and C were significantly different (p<0.05) in moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate and energy contents from the commercial brand, D. According to rat bioassay method, the prepared weaning foods C and B had the highest Protein Efficiency Ratio and Feed Efficiency Ratio than the commercial brand, D. Total bacterial counts were nil for all weaning foods. Sensory analysis revealed acceptability of all the weaning foods and preference for weaning food C that compared favorably with the standard in all the quality attributes. Conclusion: The formulated weaning foods are inexpensive and nutritious, and its ingredients are locally available. These foods have the potential for improving malnutrition problems facing children in Bangladesh.
Key words: Jackfruit, malnutrition, mango, soya flour, weaning food
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Effects of Young Corn Ear Addition on Nutritional Composition and Acceptability of Conventional Cake
Chow YN & Wan Rosli WI
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Scientific evidence indicates that higher dietary fibre consumption protects against various chronic diseases and leads to recovery enhancement. Young corn ear is very rich in total dietary fibre (TDF). The study objective was to evaluate the effects of young corn ear addition on the nutritional composition, textural properties and sensory attributes of conventional cake. Methods: Wheat flour used in the preparation of conventional cake was substituted with different percentages (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%) of young corn ear powder (YCP). Moisture, total ash, fat, protein and TDF content of conventional cake samples were investigated. Textural properties including firmness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness were examined. The aroma, colour, chewiness, tenderness, flavour and overall acceptance of conventional cake were evaluated via sensory evaluation. Results: The conventional cake with addition of 15% YCP recorded the highest moisture content. There was no predictable trend observed in the ash and fat content following the incorporation of YCP. Addition of 15% of YCP increased the protein content significantly while TDF content of conventional cake increased proportionally (1.42%-2.88%) with the level of YCP added. The incorporation of YCP did not produce any trend on all the textural properties of conventional cake. Conventional cake with 10% of YCP was the most preferred manifested by the highest scores in chewiness, tenderness and flavour attributes. Conclusion: In conclusion, 10% of YCP could be recommended as the ideal formulation in order to produce a healthier conventional cake without jeopardising acceptability.
Key words: Corn, dietary fibre, functional food
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Introduction: Scientific evidence indicates that higher dietary fibre consumption protects against various chronic diseases and leads to recovery enhancement. Young corn ear is very rich in total dietary fibre (TDF). The study objective was to evaluate the effects of young corn ear addition on the nutritional composition, textural properties and sensory attributes of conventional cake. Methods: Wheat flour used in the preparation of conventional cake was substituted with different percentages (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%) of young corn ear powder (YCP). Moisture, total ash, fat, protein and TDF content of conventional cake samples were investigated. Textural properties including firmness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness were examined. The aroma, colour, chewiness, tenderness, flavour and overall acceptance of conventional cake were evaluated via sensory evaluation. Results: The conventional cake with addition of 15% YCP recorded the highest moisture content. There was no predictable trend observed in the ash and fat content following the incorporation of YCP. Addition of 15% of YCP increased the protein content significantly while TDF content of conventional cake increased proportionally (1.42%-2.88%) with the level of YCP added. The incorporation of YCP did not produce any trend on all the textural properties of conventional cake. Conventional cake with 10% of YCP was the most preferred manifested by the highest scores in chewiness, tenderness and flavour attributes. Conclusion: In conclusion, 10% of YCP could be recommended as the ideal formulation in order to produce a healthier conventional cake without jeopardising acceptability.
Key words: Corn, dietary fibre, functional food
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Antioxidative Properties of an Extract of Hygrocybe conica, a Wild Edible Mushroom
Chong EL, Sia CM, Khoo HE, Chang SK & Yim HS
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Hygrocybe conica (HC), a wild mushroom commonly consumed by the indigenous people (Orang Asti) in Peninsular Malaysia, was assessed for its antioxidant content. Methods: The HC mushroom was extracted using distilled water and the crude extract partitioned using different solvents and open column chromatography to evaluate its potential antioxidant properties. The mushroom extract was partitioned using liquid-liquid extraction into the hexane (F1), chloroform (F2), butanol (F3) and formic acid (F4) fractions. Based on solvent polarity, the water extract of the mushroom was fractionated into non-polar (FI), semi-polar (FII), and polar fractions (FIII) using open column chromato¬graphy. Antioxidant capacities were determined using DPPH, ABTS, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays while Folin-Ciocalteu reagent assay was used to determine total phenolic content (TPC). Results: The HC extract had the highest TPC and DPPH scavenging capacity compared to its extract fractions. TE values (ABTS assay) of F2 and F4 were not significantly higher than the HC extract. Among the extract fractions of different polarities, FIII had the highest antioxidant capacities (DPPH and FRAP) compared to FI and FII while FRAP values of these fractions were not significantly lower than the FRAP value of HC extract. The HC extract had significantly lower antioxidant capacity than antioxidant standards (ascorbic acid and BHA). Tannic acid as the main bioactive component in HC mushroom was detected using HPLC method. The presence of phenolics in HC extract was also confirmed using TLC. Conclusion: Due to the presence of potent phenolic components, the mycelia of HC could be consumed for potential antioxidative benefits.
Key words: Antioxidant capacity, Hygrocybe conica, tannic acid, total phenolic content
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Introduction: Hygrocybe conica (HC), a wild mushroom commonly consumed by the indigenous people (Orang Asti) in Peninsular Malaysia, was assessed for its antioxidant content. Methods: The HC mushroom was extracted using distilled water and the crude extract partitioned using different solvents and open column chromatography to evaluate its potential antioxidant properties. The mushroom extract was partitioned using liquid-liquid extraction into the hexane (F1), chloroform (F2), butanol (F3) and formic acid (F4) fractions. Based on solvent polarity, the water extract of the mushroom was fractionated into non-polar (FI), semi-polar (FII), and polar fractions (FIII) using open column chromato¬graphy. Antioxidant capacities were determined using DPPH, ABTS, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays while Folin-Ciocalteu reagent assay was used to determine total phenolic content (TPC). Results: The HC extract had the highest TPC and DPPH scavenging capacity compared to its extract fractions. TE values (ABTS assay) of F2 and F4 were not significantly higher than the HC extract. Among the extract fractions of different polarities, FIII had the highest antioxidant capacities (DPPH and FRAP) compared to FI and FII while FRAP values of these fractions were not significantly lower than the FRAP value of HC extract. The HC extract had significantly lower antioxidant capacity than antioxidant standards (ascorbic acid and BHA). Tannic acid as the main bioactive component in HC mushroom was detected using HPLC method. The presence of phenolics in HC extract was also confirmed using TLC. Conclusion: Due to the presence of potent phenolic components, the mycelia of HC could be consumed for potential antioxidative benefits.
Key words: Antioxidant capacity, Hygrocybe conica, tannic acid, total phenolic content
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B-carotene Roles in Proliferation and Differentiation, Connexin and /3-casein Gene Expression of Mammary Gland Cells Line
Roosita K, Rimbawan SM, Djuwita I, Damanik MR, Kusharto CM, Damayanthi E & Nomura N
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of 0-carotene on cells proliferation and differentiation, connexin (Cx43) and $-casein (Csn2) gene expression of mammary gland cells line (HC11). Cx43 involves development of gap junction intercellular communication, while Csn2 induces milk synthesis in differentiated mammary gland cells. Method: The HC11 cells were grown in medium RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 50 mg/ml streptomycin and enhanced by epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin, hydrocortisone and prolactin. Final concentration of 0-carotene in medium was 0.5, 1.5 and 5.0 AM respectively. Cell proliferation was determined by a colorimetric assay for assessing cell viability (MTT assays). Gene expression was analysed by reverse trancriptation polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and gel electrophoresis. Results: Triton X-114 as a negative control siginificanly decreased proliferation of HC11 cell line as compared to its control (<0.05%). Meanwhile, 0-carotene even in supraphysiologycal concentration [5).N.] did not affect proliferation of HC11 cell line. The structure of mammosphere of HC11 cell line treated with supraphysiological concentration 0-carotene [5.0 04] was largest with higher density and tightly connected with their neighbouring cells. Cx43 and Csn2 saw higher expression on 0-carotene treated HC11 cell lines. Conclusion: 0-carotene did not inhibit cell proliferation; meanwhile, differen¬tiation of mammary gland cells line (HC11) represented by mammosphere development, and genes expression of connexin (Cx43) and J3-casein (Csn2) were induced by 0-carotene.
Key words: 0-carotene, fi-casein (Csn2), connexin (Cx43), genes expression, lactogenesis mammary gland cells line (HC11), mammosphere development
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Introduction: The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of 0-carotene on cells proliferation and differentiation, connexin (Cx43) and $-casein (Csn2) gene expression of mammary gland cells line (HC11). Cx43 involves development of gap junction intercellular communication, while Csn2 induces milk synthesis in differentiated mammary gland cells. Method: The HC11 cells were grown in medium RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 50 mg/ml streptomycin and enhanced by epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin, hydrocortisone and prolactin. Final concentration of 0-carotene in medium was 0.5, 1.5 and 5.0 AM respectively. Cell proliferation was determined by a colorimetric assay for assessing cell viability (MTT assays). Gene expression was analysed by reverse trancriptation polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and gel electrophoresis. Results: Triton X-114 as a negative control siginificanly decreased proliferation of HC11 cell line as compared to its control (<0.05%). Meanwhile, 0-carotene even in supraphysiologycal concentration [5).N.] did not affect proliferation of HC11 cell line. The structure of mammosphere of HC11 cell line treated with supraphysiological concentration 0-carotene [5.0 04] was largest with higher density and tightly connected with their neighbouring cells. Cx43 and Csn2 saw higher expression on 0-carotene treated HC11 cell lines. Conclusion: 0-carotene did not inhibit cell proliferation; meanwhile, differen¬tiation of mammary gland cells line (HC11) represented by mammosphere development, and genes expression of connexin (Cx43) and J3-casein (Csn2) were induced by 0-carotene.
Key words: 0-carotene, fi-casein (Csn2), connexin (Cx43), genes expression, lactogenesis mammary gland cells line (HC11), mammosphere development
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Heavy Metal Hazards of Functional Beverages in Nigeria
Orisakwe OE & Ajaezi GC
ABSTRACT
Introduction: In spite of an explosion in brewing and importation of energy drinks in Nigeria, information on the inherent health risks arising from its consumption is scarce. This study investigated the heavy metal hazards of popular energy drinks in Nigeria. Methods: Heavy metals in thirty different brands of energy drinks were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Lead, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, and nickel levels in these energy drinks were compared with permissible limits given by World Health Organization (WHO), United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and European Union (EU). The daily intake (DI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) were calculated. Results: For lead, 66.7%, 3.3%, and 66.7% of the energy drinks violated the WHO, EPA and EU permissible limits respectively; for chromium, only 36.7, 23.3 and 36.7% violated the WHO, EPA and EU permissible limits respectively; and for cobalt, 70% and 86.7% of the energy drinks violated the EU permissible limits. Total Hazard Quotient values for all the drinks were below 1. The estimated/calculated amount of chromium, cobalt, lead and nickel of an energy drink of a consumer who takes an average weekly volume of 1.5 L, (1.5 L of the 3 energy drinks) were 1.3857, 0.8736, 0.1845 and 1.5159 mg/L respectively. Only 33.3% of the energy drinks had negligible levels of daily intake for lead. Conclusion: Lead, chromium, nickel and cobalt levels in some energy drinks in Nigeria are much higher than the permissible limits and continuous consumption may increase the burden of these metals on the body.
Key words: Daily intake, functional beverages, hazard quotient, health risk, heavy metals, Nigeria
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Introduction: In spite of an explosion in brewing and importation of energy drinks in Nigeria, information on the inherent health risks arising from its consumption is scarce. This study investigated the heavy metal hazards of popular energy drinks in Nigeria. Methods: Heavy metals in thirty different brands of energy drinks were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Lead, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, and nickel levels in these energy drinks were compared with permissible limits given by World Health Organization (WHO), United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and European Union (EU). The daily intake (DI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) were calculated. Results: For lead, 66.7%, 3.3%, and 66.7% of the energy drinks violated the WHO, EPA and EU permissible limits respectively; for chromium, only 36.7, 23.3 and 36.7% violated the WHO, EPA and EU permissible limits respectively; and for cobalt, 70% and 86.7% of the energy drinks violated the EU permissible limits. Total Hazard Quotient values for all the drinks were below 1. The estimated/calculated amount of chromium, cobalt, lead and nickel of an energy drink of a consumer who takes an average weekly volume of 1.5 L, (1.5 L of the 3 energy drinks) were 1.3857, 0.8736, 0.1845 and 1.5159 mg/L respectively. Only 33.3% of the energy drinks had negligible levels of daily intake for lead. Conclusion: Lead, chromium, nickel and cobalt levels in some energy drinks in Nigeria are much higher than the permissible limits and continuous consumption may increase the burden of these metals on the body.
Key words: Daily intake, functional beverages, hazard quotient, health risk, heavy metals, Nigeria
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Malaysian Journal of Nutrition
Volume 20 No.2, 2014
Table of Content
Validation of a Food Frequency Interview Schedule to Assess the Dietary Intake of the Population in Hyderabad City - A Cross-Sectional Study
Betsy A, Athe R, Rao VVM, Rao VS & Polasa K
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) is the preferred method to evaluate long-term usual dietary intake in population-based epidemiological studies because it is simple, easy to administer and requires minimal effort from the subjects. Therefore, we validated a food frequency interview schedule (FFIS) to estimate the dietary intakes of the urban population of Hyderabad city.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among five socio-economic sections of Hyderabad. Areas for the survey were selected by cluster random sampling and households in each area were selected by simple random sampling. The FFIS was developed and validated against a 6-day 24-hour dietary recall (HDR) method. The instruments were administered to the participants six months apart to check for reproducibility. Statistical analyses for validation and reproducibility included correlation, regression analyses and paired t-test.
Results: Means of intakes of foods measured by 24-HDR were significantly lower than those measured by FFIS for some foods at alpha levels of 0.05. Pearson’s correlation (r) for the intakes by the two methods ranged from 0.12 to 0.85. Regression coefficients were significant for 12 food groups. Correlation coefficients for the two FFISs were between 0.31 (spices) and 0.81 (carbonated beverages) and showed good reproducibility. Intakes of conventional foods like cereals, pulses, vegetables etc. by FFIS correlated better with 24-HDR than the processed foods such as breakfast cereals and bakery items.
Conclusion: The data suggests that the FFIS is a well-validated, reproducible tool for assessment of long term dietary habits of a specific population. However, its use for populations of other regions requires specific modifications.
Key words: Dietary assessment, food frequency interview, standardised recipes
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Introduction: The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) is the preferred method to evaluate long-term usual dietary intake in population-based epidemiological studies because it is simple, easy to administer and requires minimal effort from the subjects. Therefore, we validated a food frequency interview schedule (FFIS) to estimate the dietary intakes of the urban population of Hyderabad city.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among five socio-economic sections of Hyderabad. Areas for the survey were selected by cluster random sampling and households in each area were selected by simple random sampling. The FFIS was developed and validated against a 6-day 24-hour dietary recall (HDR) method. The instruments were administered to the participants six months apart to check for reproducibility. Statistical analyses for validation and reproducibility included correlation, regression analyses and paired t-test.
Results: Means of intakes of foods measured by 24-HDR were significantly lower than those measured by FFIS for some foods at alpha levels of 0.05. Pearson’s correlation (r) for the intakes by the two methods ranged from 0.12 to 0.85. Regression coefficients were significant for 12 food groups. Correlation coefficients for the two FFISs were between 0.31 (spices) and 0.81 (carbonated beverages) and showed good reproducibility. Intakes of conventional foods like cereals, pulses, vegetables etc. by FFIS correlated better with 24-HDR than the processed foods such as breakfast cereals and bakery items.
Conclusion: The data suggests that the FFIS is a well-validated, reproducible tool for assessment of long term dietary habits of a specific population. However, its use for populations of other regions requires specific modifications.
Key words: Dietary assessment, food frequency interview, standardised recipes
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Factors Influencing Malnutrition among Young Children in a Rural Community of Sarawak
Eunice MJ, Cheah WL & Lee PY
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of malnutrition and factors influencing malnutrition among children aged five years and below in Serian District of Sarawak, a district where the majority of people are indigenous.
Methods: Using a cross-sectional method, a total of 177 children were randomly selected and assessed, and their mothers or caregivers were interviewed. Data were collected using a pretested questionnaire; anthropometric measurements were also taken. Data were analysed using SPSS version 17.0.
Results: The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting in children aged five years and below was 20.9%, 11.9% and 10.2% respectively. The results suggest that the significant factors contributing to underweight are birth weight, frequency of child visit to the clinic, and individual insecurity. Only age, when complementary diet was introduced, was found to be significantly associated with stunting. For wasting, individual insecurity, duration of family planning and met recommended protein intake per day were found to be significant factors.
Conclusion: The prevalence of malnutrition in children 5 years and below in Serian District of Sarawak is high compared to state figures. The major contributing factors were found to be manifested at the individual and family level. There is a need for appropriate public health promotion and socioeconomic improvement interventions towards improving the nutritional status and health of children in Serian District.
Key words: Causes, children, malnutrition in children, undernutrition, underweight
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Introduction: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of malnutrition and factors influencing malnutrition among children aged five years and below in Serian District of Sarawak, a district where the majority of people are indigenous.
Methods: Using a cross-sectional method, a total of 177 children were randomly selected and assessed, and their mothers or caregivers were interviewed. Data were collected using a pretested questionnaire; anthropometric measurements were also taken. Data were analysed using SPSS version 17.0.
Results: The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting in children aged five years and below was 20.9%, 11.9% and 10.2% respectively. The results suggest that the significant factors contributing to underweight are birth weight, frequency of child visit to the clinic, and individual insecurity. Only age, when complementary diet was introduced, was found to be significantly associated with stunting. For wasting, individual insecurity, duration of family planning and met recommended protein intake per day were found to be significant factors.
Conclusion: The prevalence of malnutrition in children 5 years and below in Serian District of Sarawak is high compared to state figures. The major contributing factors were found to be manifested at the individual and family level. There is a need for appropriate public health promotion and socioeconomic improvement interventions towards improving the nutritional status and health of children in Serian District.
Key words: Causes, children, malnutrition in children, undernutrition, underweight
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A Randomised Controlled Trial of a Facebook-based Physical Activity Intervention for Government Employees with Metabolic Syndrome
Chee HP, Hazizi AS, Barakatun Nisak MY & Mohd Nasir MT
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This study aimed to ascertain the effects of a Facebook-based physical activity intervention on improvements in step counts and metabolic syndrome.
Methods: Government employees with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned by cluster to the Facebook group (n = 44) or the control group (n = 103). All participants were asked to complete self-administered questionnaires at baseline, after the first and second phases. Data from anthropometric (weight, body mass index, fat mass, body fat percentage, waist circumference, hip circumference and waist-to-hip ratio), biochemical (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and fasting glucose) and clinical examinations (systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure) were collected. The number of steps per day was determined by a Lifecorder e- STEP accelerometer.
Results: A significant difference in the number of steps per day between the baseline and the first phase (p<0.001) was observed in both the Facebook and control groups. A significant group main effect (p<0.001) was found for the number of steps per day; the Facebook group had a significantly greater increase in the number of steps per day than the control group. Overall, a significant strong to very strong correlation was found between the changes in the number of steps per day and the changes in the other variables.
Conclusion: The Facebook-based intervention approach has the potential to increase physical activity among government employees with metabolic syndrome.
Key words: Employees, metabolic syndrome, physical activity, randomised controlled trial, social networking
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Introduction: This study aimed to ascertain the effects of a Facebook-based physical activity intervention on improvements in step counts and metabolic syndrome.
Methods: Government employees with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned by cluster to the Facebook group (n = 44) or the control group (n = 103). All participants were asked to complete self-administered questionnaires at baseline, after the first and second phases. Data from anthropometric (weight, body mass index, fat mass, body fat percentage, waist circumference, hip circumference and waist-to-hip ratio), biochemical (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and fasting glucose) and clinical examinations (systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure) were collected. The number of steps per day was determined by a Lifecorder e- STEP accelerometer.
Results: A significant difference in the number of steps per day between the baseline and the first phase (p<0.001) was observed in both the Facebook and control groups. A significant group main effect (p<0.001) was found for the number of steps per day; the Facebook group had a significantly greater increase in the number of steps per day than the control group. Overall, a significant strong to very strong correlation was found between the changes in the number of steps per day and the changes in the other variables.
Conclusion: The Facebook-based intervention approach has the potential to increase physical activity among government employees with metabolic syndrome.
Key words: Employees, metabolic syndrome, physical activity, randomised controlled trial, social networking
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Recipe Trials to Improve Complementary Feeding: The Philippine Experience
Maria Theresa M Talavera, Melanie H Narciso & Angelina dR Felix
ABSTRACT
Introduction: An effective participatory community nutrition programme to improve poor food intake and sub-optimal complementary feeding practices in the Philippines is wanting. The use of the recipe trial as an approach was explored.
Methods: The protocol was conducted nine times in three communities in the provinces of Camarines Sur, Iloilo, and Zamboanga del Sur among 83 caregivers of children 6-8, 9-11, and 12-23 months old. The protocol implemented followed these steps: (1) Preparatory activities; (2) Recipe Trial 1 (RT1); ( 3) Recipe Trial 2 (RT2); and (4) Follow-up visit.
Results: The use of the modified RT to improve complementary feeding was evaluated in terms of the quality of the improved recipes and the overall feasibility of the RT technique. The RT1s identified rice porridge as complementary food usually prepared in the three areas across age groups, followed by cooked rice mixed with broth from the family pot. The RT2s facilitated the caregivers’ modification of the 12 complementary foods from the three communities. Nutrient content was improved while maintaining acceptability among caregivers and their children. The follow-up visits showed that the adoption of the recipes at the households was limited to a few caregivers.
Conclusion: The modified RT protocol has good potential to help alleviate poor nutrition among infants and young children in the Philippines. Minor improvements, characterised by an increase in local adoption and provision of enabling mechanisms from the local government units should contribute to the success of its implementation.
Key words: Caregivers, child nutrition, complementary feeding, nutrition programme, recipe trial
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Introduction: An effective participatory community nutrition programme to improve poor food intake and sub-optimal complementary feeding practices in the Philippines is wanting. The use of the recipe trial as an approach was explored.
Methods: The protocol was conducted nine times in three communities in the provinces of Camarines Sur, Iloilo, and Zamboanga del Sur among 83 caregivers of children 6-8, 9-11, and 12-23 months old. The protocol implemented followed these steps: (1) Preparatory activities; (2) Recipe Trial 1 (RT1); ( 3) Recipe Trial 2 (RT2); and (4) Follow-up visit.
Results: The use of the modified RT to improve complementary feeding was evaluated in terms of the quality of the improved recipes and the overall feasibility of the RT technique. The RT1s identified rice porridge as complementary food usually prepared in the three areas across age groups, followed by cooked rice mixed with broth from the family pot. The RT2s facilitated the caregivers’ modification of the 12 complementary foods from the three communities. Nutrient content was improved while maintaining acceptability among caregivers and their children. The follow-up visits showed that the adoption of the recipes at the households was limited to a few caregivers.
Conclusion: The modified RT protocol has good potential to help alleviate poor nutrition among infants and young children in the Philippines. Minor improvements, characterised by an increase in local adoption and provision of enabling mechanisms from the local government units should contribute to the success of its implementation.
Key words: Caregivers, child nutrition, complementary feeding, nutrition programme, recipe trial
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Factors Affecting Nutritional Status of Children below 24 Months in Pekan District, Pahang, Malaysia
Nargis Masroor, Jamaluddin Ab Rahman, Tin Myo Han, Muzzaffar Ali Khan Khattak & Aye Aye
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This study aimed to assess the nutritional status of children below 24 months in the district of Pekan, Pahang, and identify the contributing factors.
Methods: Using a cross-sectional methodology, a total of 910 children was selected by random sampling from four public health clinics. Anthropometric measurements were taken and weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-forheight were calculated in Z scores. Immediate caregivers of children were interviewed by using a pretested validated questionnaire to assess their socioeconomic, demographic, educational and occupational status.
Results: Of the 910 children who participated in the study, the majority were Malay (70.1%), while the remaining comprised indigenous or Orang-Asli (OA) children. Prevalence of wasting, stunting and underweight were 28.7 %, 15.6 % and 19.0% respectively. There were more underweight males than females. Wasting was most common among children aged below 6 months. Stunting was more prevalent in children between 12 to 24 months. Obesity was seen in 7.3% of the sample. Maternal education, employment and socio-economic status had a significant influence on wasting and underweight. Children were vulnerable to stunting as age advanced, whereas prevalence of wasting tended to decrease.
Conclusion: Malnutrition exists in significant proportions among children below 24 months in the Pekan district. This study identified low birth weight along with age, race, gender, large family size and socio-economic status as important risk factors of malnutrition.
Key words: Anthropometry, childhood malnutrition, maternal education, social status
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Introduction: This study aimed to assess the nutritional status of children below 24 months in the district of Pekan, Pahang, and identify the contributing factors.
Methods: Using a cross-sectional methodology, a total of 910 children was selected by random sampling from four public health clinics. Anthropometric measurements were taken and weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-forheight were calculated in Z scores. Immediate caregivers of children were interviewed by using a pretested validated questionnaire to assess their socioeconomic, demographic, educational and occupational status.
Results: Of the 910 children who participated in the study, the majority were Malay (70.1%), while the remaining comprised indigenous or Orang-Asli (OA) children. Prevalence of wasting, stunting and underweight were 28.7 %, 15.6 % and 19.0% respectively. There were more underweight males than females. Wasting was most common among children aged below 6 months. Stunting was more prevalent in children between 12 to 24 months. Obesity was seen in 7.3% of the sample. Maternal education, employment and socio-economic status had a significant influence on wasting and underweight. Children were vulnerable to stunting as age advanced, whereas prevalence of wasting tended to decrease.
Conclusion: Malnutrition exists in significant proportions among children below 24 months in the Pekan district. This study identified low birth weight along with age, race, gender, large family size and socio-economic status as important risk factors of malnutrition.
Key words: Anthropometry, childhood malnutrition, maternal education, social status
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Sensitivity, Specificity, Predictive Value and Inter-Rater Reliability of Malnutrition Screening Tools in Hospitalised Adult Patients
Nor Azian MZ, Suzana S & Romzi MA
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Nutrition screening is recommended as a first step of nutrition care to allow early identification and intervention of malnourished patients. The present study determined the validities and reliabilities of two malnutrition screening tools namely, the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) among adult patients at the Hospital Kuala Lumpur.
Methods: The sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of MUST and MST were conducted against the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), anthropometric parameters including body mass index (BMI), calf circumference (CC), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and energy intake. Inter-rater reliability was evaluated using kappa value (?) to determine the level of agreement between raters.
Results: A total of 151 subjects with mean age of 45.2 ± 13.7 years participated in this study. Prevalence of malnutrition according to MUST, MST and SGA was 34.4%, 33.8% and 19.9%, respectively. As compared to SGA, MUST and MST had a sensitivity of 96.6% and 93.3% respectively, whereas the specificity was 80.9% for both tools. The sensitivity and specificity of MUST against the anthropometric parameters (BMI, CC and MUAC) were between 53.8% to 88.8% and 67.4% to 69.9%, respectively. The sensitivity values for MST were between 46.1% to 63.6% and specificity values were between 64.4% to 67.6%. The inter-rater reliability of MUST was higher (substantial, mean (?) = 0.78) than for MST (moderate, mean (?) = 0.52).
Conclusion: In conclusion, MUST was found to have similar validity levels but higher reliability result than MST. Based on our result, MUST is recommended for use in identifying adult patients who are at high risk of malnutrition. It can be used as a malnutrition screening tool but there is a need to evaluate the cost effectiveness of its implementation.
Key words: Inter-rater reliability, Malnutrition Screening Tool, Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool, validity
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Introduction: Nutrition screening is recommended as a first step of nutrition care to allow early identification and intervention of malnourished patients. The present study determined the validities and reliabilities of two malnutrition screening tools namely, the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) among adult patients at the Hospital Kuala Lumpur.
Methods: The sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of MUST and MST were conducted against the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), anthropometric parameters including body mass index (BMI), calf circumference (CC), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and energy intake. Inter-rater reliability was evaluated using kappa value (?) to determine the level of agreement between raters.
Results: A total of 151 subjects with mean age of 45.2 ± 13.7 years participated in this study. Prevalence of malnutrition according to MUST, MST and SGA was 34.4%, 33.8% and 19.9%, respectively. As compared to SGA, MUST and MST had a sensitivity of 96.6% and 93.3% respectively, whereas the specificity was 80.9% for both tools. The sensitivity and specificity of MUST against the anthropometric parameters (BMI, CC and MUAC) were between 53.8% to 88.8% and 67.4% to 69.9%, respectively. The sensitivity values for MST were between 46.1% to 63.6% and specificity values were between 64.4% to 67.6%. The inter-rater reliability of MUST was higher (substantial, mean (?) = 0.78) than for MST (moderate, mean (?) = 0.52).
Conclusion: In conclusion, MUST was found to have similar validity levels but higher reliability result than MST. Based on our result, MUST is recommended for use in identifying adult patients who are at high risk of malnutrition. It can be used as a malnutrition screening tool but there is a need to evaluate the cost effectiveness of its implementation.
Key words: Inter-rater reliability, Malnutrition Screening Tool, Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool, validity
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Comparison of Fruits and Vegetables Intake and Physical Activity between Hypercholesterolemic Adults and Nonhypercholesterolemic Adults in Malaysia
Chan YY, Teh CH, Yeo PS, Lim KK, Lim KH, Kee CC, Azli B, Tee GH, Gurpreet K & Mohd Azahadi O
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Hypercholesterolemia is an important modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease. Lifestyle changes in diet and physical activity can improve cholesterol levels. This study aimed to compare the fruits and vegetables (FV) intake and physical activity (PA) between hypercholesterolemic adults and nonhypercholesterolemic adults in Malaysia, and to investigate factors associated with meeting the recommended levels of FV intake and PA in a hypercholesterolemic population.
Methods: This study was based on 17,988 participants (response rate 98.7%) aged 18 years and above who responded to the hypercholesterolemia questionnaire in the 2011 Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS), a cross-sectional study with two-stage stratified sampling design. Data were obtained by trained enumerators via face-to-face interviews and were analysed by descriptive analysis, chi-square test, and univariable and multivariable logistic regression.
Results: Out of the total population assessed, 39.0% had hypercholesterolemia. The prevalence of consuming five or more servings of FV per day is low (7.8%) while 36.0% were physically inactive among the hypercholesterolemic adults. No significant differences were observed in FV intake and PA between hypercholesterolemic and non-hypercholesterolemic populations. Gender, age and educational levels were associated with FV intake and PA among hypercholesterolemic adults. Hypercholesterolemic adults who were underweight or obese were less likely to consume FV, while those who were former smokers and those who had diabetes and heart disease were less likely to be physically active.
Conclusion: These findings are relevant for future health promotion strategies, suggesting that more intensive interventions are needed to increase FV intake and PA level in hypercholesterolemic population and in the general population.
Key words: Fruit and vegetable intake, hypercholesterolemia, hypercholesterolemic adults, Malaysia, physical activity
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Introduction: Hypercholesterolemia is an important modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease. Lifestyle changes in diet and physical activity can improve cholesterol levels. This study aimed to compare the fruits and vegetables (FV) intake and physical activity (PA) between hypercholesterolemic adults and nonhypercholesterolemic adults in Malaysia, and to investigate factors associated with meeting the recommended levels of FV intake and PA in a hypercholesterolemic population.
Methods: This study was based on 17,988 participants (response rate 98.7%) aged 18 years and above who responded to the hypercholesterolemia questionnaire in the 2011 Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS), a cross-sectional study with two-stage stratified sampling design. Data were obtained by trained enumerators via face-to-face interviews and were analysed by descriptive analysis, chi-square test, and univariable and multivariable logistic regression.
Results: Out of the total population assessed, 39.0% had hypercholesterolemia. The prevalence of consuming five or more servings of FV per day is low (7.8%) while 36.0% were physically inactive among the hypercholesterolemic adults. No significant differences were observed in FV intake and PA between hypercholesterolemic and non-hypercholesterolemic populations. Gender, age and educational levels were associated with FV intake and PA among hypercholesterolemic adults. Hypercholesterolemic adults who were underweight or obese were less likely to consume FV, while those who were former smokers and those who had diabetes and heart disease were less likely to be physically active.
Conclusion: These findings are relevant for future health promotion strategies, suggesting that more intensive interventions are needed to increase FV intake and PA level in hypercholesterolemic population and in the general population.
Key words: Fruit and vegetable intake, hypercholesterolemia, hypercholesterolemic adults, Malaysia, physical activity
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Measurement of Adductor Pollicis Muscle Thickness in a Healthy Population in Iran and Its Correlation with other Anthropometric Parameters
Ghorabi S, Vahdat Shariatpanahi Z & Amiri Z
ABSTRACT
Introduction: In clinical settings, anthropometric parameters are used as a measure of nutritional assessment. Assessment of the thickness of the adductor pollicis muscle has been reported as an indicator of muscle compartments of the body. The adductor pollicis is the muscle of the hand with two heads that adducts the thumb in bringing it toward the plane of the palm. The adductor pollicis muscle has a well-defined anatomical position and can be directly measured. We determined thickness values of this new parameter and also its correlation with conventional anthropometric parameters.
Methods: A total of 432 apparently healthy volunteers who were grouped by sex and age were assessed for the measurements of mid-arm circumference, triceps skin fold, mid-arm muscle circumference, mid-arm area, mid-arm muscle area and adductor pollicis muscle thickness in both hands.
Results: The average thickness of the adductor pollicis muscle in the dominant and non-dominant hands were 14.55 ± 3.17 and 13.74 ± 3.19 mm in males and 11.24 ± 2.37 and 10.21 ± 2.41 mm in females, and their differences were significant (P<0.001). The average thickness of adductor pollicis muscle was progressively higher in subjects with small, medium, and large frame sizes in both genders (P=0.0001). The APM thickness had a high correlation with the anthropometric variables in subjects (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Measurement of adductor pollicis muscle thickness is simple, fast, non-invasive and easily reproducible, rendering it a useful anthropometric parameter for evaluating nutritional status of individuals.
Key words: Anthropometry, nutritional assessment, reference values
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Introduction: In clinical settings, anthropometric parameters are used as a measure of nutritional assessment. Assessment of the thickness of the adductor pollicis muscle has been reported as an indicator of muscle compartments of the body. The adductor pollicis is the muscle of the hand with two heads that adducts the thumb in bringing it toward the plane of the palm. The adductor pollicis muscle has a well-defined anatomical position and can be directly measured. We determined thickness values of this new parameter and also its correlation with conventional anthropometric parameters.
Methods: A total of 432 apparently healthy volunteers who were grouped by sex and age were assessed for the measurements of mid-arm circumference, triceps skin fold, mid-arm muscle circumference, mid-arm area, mid-arm muscle area and adductor pollicis muscle thickness in both hands.
Results: The average thickness of the adductor pollicis muscle in the dominant and non-dominant hands were 14.55 ± 3.17 and 13.74 ± 3.19 mm in males and 11.24 ± 2.37 and 10.21 ± 2.41 mm in females, and their differences were significant (P<0.001). The average thickness of adductor pollicis muscle was progressively higher in subjects with small, medium, and large frame sizes in both genders (P=0.0001). The APM thickness had a high correlation with the anthropometric variables in subjects (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Measurement of adductor pollicis muscle thickness is simple, fast, non-invasive and easily reproducible, rendering it a useful anthropometric parameter for evaluating nutritional status of individuals.
Key words: Anthropometry, nutritional assessment, reference values
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Effect of Cinnamon Powder Addition on Nutritional Composition, Physical Properties and Sensory Acceptability of Butter Biscuits
Ng SH & Wan Rosli W I
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Demand for dietary fibre-enriched and low sugar bakery products is rapidly increasing due to the current high incidence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cinnamon, a spice which acts as a natural sweetener and insulin mimetic is believed to have health benefits. The objective of this study was to determine the properties of butter biscuits containing cinnamon powder (CP) that partially replaced sucrose at levels of 0 (control), 2, 4 or 6%.
Methods: Nutritional composition, physical properties and sensory acceptability of the biscuits were analysed using AOAC methods, texture profile analyser and 7-point hedonic scaling method, respectively.
Results: Protein, ash and dietary fibre contents of the biscuits increased significantly (P < 0.05) whereas the moisture and sucrose contents were reduced significantly, proportionately to the increasing levels of CP. In texture profile analyses, increment of firmness and reduction of crispiness of the biscuits were detected with increasing levels of CP, but not significantly. The sensory scores for control and 2% CP biscuits were not significantly different for all the sensory attributes. Biscuits with 4% CP received lower scores only for aroma and appearance whereas the scores for colour, crispiness and flavour showed no significant differences compared to the control and 2% CP biscuit.
Conclusion: The addition of 4% CP in biscuit could be an effective way to produce nutritious butter biscuits without any apparent change to its desirable physical properties and sensory acceptability.
Key words: Butter biscuits, cinnamon powder, nutritional composition, physical properties, sensory acceptability
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Introduction: Demand for dietary fibre-enriched and low sugar bakery products is rapidly increasing due to the current high incidence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cinnamon, a spice which acts as a natural sweetener and insulin mimetic is believed to have health benefits. The objective of this study was to determine the properties of butter biscuits containing cinnamon powder (CP) that partially replaced sucrose at levels of 0 (control), 2, 4 or 6%.
Methods: Nutritional composition, physical properties and sensory acceptability of the biscuits were analysed using AOAC methods, texture profile analyser and 7-point hedonic scaling method, respectively.
Results: Protein, ash and dietary fibre contents of the biscuits increased significantly (P < 0.05) whereas the moisture and sucrose contents were reduced significantly, proportionately to the increasing levels of CP. In texture profile analyses, increment of firmness and reduction of crispiness of the biscuits were detected with increasing levels of CP, but not significantly. The sensory scores for control and 2% CP biscuits were not significantly different for all the sensory attributes. Biscuits with 4% CP received lower scores only for aroma and appearance whereas the scores for colour, crispiness and flavour showed no significant differences compared to the control and 2% CP biscuit.
Conclusion: The addition of 4% CP in biscuit could be an effective way to produce nutritious butter biscuits without any apparent change to its desirable physical properties and sensory acceptability.
Key words: Butter biscuits, cinnamon powder, nutritional composition, physical properties, sensory acceptability
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Dietetic Practices in the Management of Childhood Obesity in Malaysia
Nor Baizura Md. Yusop, Zalilah Mohd Shariff, Ting Tzer Hwu, Ruzita Abd. Talib & Nicola Spurrier
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Dietitians play an essential role in the management of childhood obesity and consistency in dietetic practices is required to ensure the effectiveness of treatment. This study assessed dietitians’ current practices in the management of childhood obesity, compared the practices with nutrition practice guidelines used by dietitians in other countries and identified practice components for the development of nutrition practice guidelines for the management of childhood obesity in Malaysia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 40 dietitians in 16 Ministry of Health hospitals and three teaching hospitals. Information on current dietetic practices in the management of childhood obesity was obtained through a mailed survey questionnaire. The practices included nutritional assessment, determination of energy requirement, dietary prescription and physical activity modification. Emails were sent to 31 dietetic associations in other countries to obtain information on practice guidelines used by dietitians.
Results: Frequently used dietary intervention and physical activity modification approaches were high fibre diet (65%), low fat diet (40%), reduction of sedentary pursuits and screen times (67.5%) and an increase in duration of current physical activities (60%). In comparison to other dietetic practice guidelines, the current dietetic practices in Malaysia do not usually include waist circumference, biochemical and blood pressure data. However, similar to other guidelines, the current dietetic practices included low dietary fat, high fibre diet, decreased sedentary activity and increased physical activity level.
Conclusion: The dietetic practices in the management of childhood obesity in Malaysia are diverse. A comprehensive nutrition practice guideline for management of childhood obesity is urgently needed for standardisation of dietetic practices in Malaysia.
Key words: Children, dietary intervention, dietetic practices, obesity, physical activity
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Introduction: Dietitians play an essential role in the management of childhood obesity and consistency in dietetic practices is required to ensure the effectiveness of treatment. This study assessed dietitians’ current practices in the management of childhood obesity, compared the practices with nutrition practice guidelines used by dietitians in other countries and identified practice components for the development of nutrition practice guidelines for the management of childhood obesity in Malaysia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 40 dietitians in 16 Ministry of Health hospitals and three teaching hospitals. Information on current dietetic practices in the management of childhood obesity was obtained through a mailed survey questionnaire. The practices included nutritional assessment, determination of energy requirement, dietary prescription and physical activity modification. Emails were sent to 31 dietetic associations in other countries to obtain information on practice guidelines used by dietitians.
Results: Frequently used dietary intervention and physical activity modification approaches were high fibre diet (65%), low fat diet (40%), reduction of sedentary pursuits and screen times (67.5%) and an increase in duration of current physical activities (60%). In comparison to other dietetic practice guidelines, the current dietetic practices in Malaysia do not usually include waist circumference, biochemical and blood pressure data. However, similar to other guidelines, the current dietetic practices included low dietary fat, high fibre diet, decreased sedentary activity and increased physical activity level.
Conclusion: The dietetic practices in the management of childhood obesity in Malaysia are diverse. A comprehensive nutrition practice guideline for management of childhood obesity is urgently needed for standardisation of dietetic practices in Malaysia.
Key words: Children, dietary intervention, dietetic practices, obesity, physical activity
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Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Digested Green Curry Paste in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Sirikanokvilai P, Kriengsinyos W, Nantiruj K, Muangnoi C, Chingsuwanroj P, Praengam K & Tuntipopipat S
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Several individual spices have been shown to have antiinflammatory activity. However, the anti-inflammatory activities of mixed spices consumed as components of habitual diets are limited. We aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory activities of ‘Green curry paste ‘(GCP) consisting of nine different spices in cell culture models.
Methods: Non-toxic diluted bioaccessible fraction generated by simulated digestion of GCP was added to the apical compartment of Caco-2 cells grown on bicameral inserts for 4 h. Basolateral media (bioavailable fraction) was added to cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cytokines in culture media were quantified by ELISA. Caco-2 cells also were activated with IL-1ß following exposure to the bioaccessible fraction of GCP to determine its effect on chemokine expression.
Results: Spontaneous and LPS-induced secretions of IL-6 were significantly decreased when PBMC were exposed to the basolateral medium from Caco-2 cell cultures incubated with the bioaccessible fraction of GCP compared to control cultures. In a similar procedure, secretions of TNF-a and IL-8 were also decreased, but the changes were not significantly different from the controls. Pre-treatment of Caco-2 cells with the bioaccessible fraction of GCP also significantly suppressed IL-1ß -induced expression of IL-8 (62% protein and 63% mRNA) and MCP-1 (47% protein and 51% mRNA) (p<0.05).
Conclusion: These results suggest the use of GCP as a food component towards attenuating the severity of inflammatory conditions.
Key words: Anti-inflammatory activity, Caco-2 human intestinal cells, green curry paste, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
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Introduction: Several individual spices have been shown to have antiinflammatory activity. However, the anti-inflammatory activities of mixed spices consumed as components of habitual diets are limited. We aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory activities of ‘Green curry paste ‘(GCP) consisting of nine different spices in cell culture models.
Methods: Non-toxic diluted bioaccessible fraction generated by simulated digestion of GCP was added to the apical compartment of Caco-2 cells grown on bicameral inserts for 4 h. Basolateral media (bioavailable fraction) was added to cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cytokines in culture media were quantified by ELISA. Caco-2 cells also were activated with IL-1ß following exposure to the bioaccessible fraction of GCP to determine its effect on chemokine expression.
Results: Spontaneous and LPS-induced secretions of IL-6 were significantly decreased when PBMC were exposed to the basolateral medium from Caco-2 cell cultures incubated with the bioaccessible fraction of GCP compared to control cultures. In a similar procedure, secretions of TNF-a and IL-8 were also decreased, but the changes were not significantly different from the controls. Pre-treatment of Caco-2 cells with the bioaccessible fraction of GCP also significantly suppressed IL-1ß -induced expression of IL-8 (62% protein and 63% mRNA) and MCP-1 (47% protein and 51% mRNA) (p<0.05).
Conclusion: These results suggest the use of GCP as a food component towards attenuating the severity of inflammatory conditions.
Key words: Anti-inflammatory activity, Caco-2 human intestinal cells, green curry paste, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
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Upcoming Conferences
Download PDFMalaysian Journal of Nutrition
Volume 20 No.3, 2014
Table of Content
Serum Adiponectin Concentrations in Relation to Lipid Proffle, Anthropometric Variables and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Mfr-Mousa Mfrmnazhad, Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi, Leila Jahangiri & Aifreza Yaghoubi
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Associations between serum adiponectin concentrations and anthropometric and metabolic parameters in obesity and diabetes have been elucidated; however, the relationship between serum adiponectin and cardiovascular risks in patients with metabolic syndrome are less studied.
Methods: One hundred and sixty patients with metabolic syndrome (107 men and 54 women) were recruited for this study. Anthropometric indices of weight, height, waist circumference and hip circumference were measured. Serum adiponectin, lipid profile and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were measured by enzyme- linked irnmunosorbent assay method (ELbA). The homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) was used for determination of insulin resistance.
Results: BMI was significantly higher and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was lower in women compared to men (P < 0.001 and < 0.05 respectively). Serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in women was significantly higher than in men (45.98 ± 11.15 versus 39.11± 8.43 mg/dl; P < 0.001). Serum adiponectin concentrations were negatively associated with serum triglyceride concentration and waist cfrcumference in men and women respectively. There was also a positive relationship between serum adiponectin and HDL-C concentrations and age in men and women respectively (P < 0.05). Adjusting for the confounding effects of age and BMI using linear regression model, serum TG, LDL-C and WC were significant negative predictors of serum adiponectin concentrations (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: Our findings showed that serum adiponectin concentration is related to anthropometric and metabolic parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome. Further studies are warranted to better clarify these associations and underlying mechanisms.
Key words: Adiponectin, BMI, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, WI-JR
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Introduction: Associations between serum adiponectin concentrations and anthropometric and metabolic parameters in obesity and diabetes have been elucidated; however, the relationship between serum adiponectin and cardiovascular risks in patients with metabolic syndrome are less studied.
Methods: One hundred and sixty patients with metabolic syndrome (107 men and 54 women) were recruited for this study. Anthropometric indices of weight, height, waist circumference and hip circumference were measured. Serum adiponectin, lipid profile and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were measured by enzyme- linked irnmunosorbent assay method (ELbA). The homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) was used for determination of insulin resistance.
Results: BMI was significantly higher and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was lower in women compared to men (P < 0.001 and < 0.05 respectively). Serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in women was significantly higher than in men (45.98 ± 11.15 versus 39.11± 8.43 mg/dl; P < 0.001). Serum adiponectin concentrations were negatively associated with serum triglyceride concentration and waist cfrcumference in men and women respectively. There was also a positive relationship between serum adiponectin and HDL-C concentrations and age in men and women respectively (P < 0.05). Adjusting for the confounding effects of age and BMI using linear regression model, serum TG, LDL-C and WC were significant negative predictors of serum adiponectin concentrations (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: Our findings showed that serum adiponectin concentration is related to anthropometric and metabolic parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome. Further studies are warranted to better clarify these associations and underlying mechanisms.
Key words: Adiponectin, BMI, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, WI-JR
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Body Mass Index as the Predictor of High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein: A Risk Marker of Cardiovascular Diseases
Norshafawati AA, Rosita J & Norhaizan ME
ABSTRACT
Introduction: High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is an emerging risk marker for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In Malaysia, CVD has become a major health problem and the risk factors of CVD have also increased among the middle-aged. Thus, this study aimed to determine factors that influence the level of hs-CRP among Malaysian adults aged 30-55 years-old.
Methods: One-hundred and twenty-two (n=122) adults working at an institution were selected systematically in this cross-sectional study. Body weight, height, hip and waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hs-CRP level, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein were measured. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, and total cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein ratio were calculated.
Results: The sample consisted of 40.2% male and 59.8% female subjects with a mean age ± SD of 41.93 ± 8.26 years. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed significant positive correlations between log hs-CRP level (mean ± SD = 0.22 ± 0.50 mg/L; 95% CI = 0.13 - 0.31) and age, waist circumference, hip circumference, BMI, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and total cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein ratio. However, multivariate analysis showed only BMI (R = 0.489, R2 = 0.239, adjusted R2 = 0.232, F = 37.626, p < 0.001) was a predictor of hs-CRP, the risk marker of CVD. Hs-CRP level was greater in overweight (25 - 29.9 kg/m2), and obese (> 30 kg/ m2) subjects (ANOVA p< 0.05) compared to normal weight subjects.
Conclusion: BMI is a modifiable risk factor with the change being important for reducing CVD events among adults.
Key words: Body mass index, blood pressure, C-reactive protein, lipid profiles nutritional status
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Introduction: High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is an emerging risk marker for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In Malaysia, CVD has become a major health problem and the risk factors of CVD have also increased among the middle-aged. Thus, this study aimed to determine factors that influence the level of hs-CRP among Malaysian adults aged 30-55 years-old.
Methods: One-hundred and twenty-two (n=122) adults working at an institution were selected systematically in this cross-sectional study. Body weight, height, hip and waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hs-CRP level, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein were measured. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, and total cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein ratio were calculated.
Results: The sample consisted of 40.2% male and 59.8% female subjects with a mean age ± SD of 41.93 ± 8.26 years. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed significant positive correlations between log hs-CRP level (mean ± SD = 0.22 ± 0.50 mg/L; 95% CI = 0.13 - 0.31) and age, waist circumference, hip circumference, BMI, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and total cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein ratio. However, multivariate analysis showed only BMI (R = 0.489, R2 = 0.239, adjusted R2 = 0.232, F = 37.626, p < 0.001) was a predictor of hs-CRP, the risk marker of CVD. Hs-CRP level was greater in overweight (25 - 29.9 kg/m2), and obese (> 30 kg/ m2) subjects (ANOVA p< 0.05) compared to normal weight subjects.
Conclusion: BMI is a modifiable risk factor with the change being important for reducing CVD events among adults.
Key words: Body mass index, blood pressure, C-reactive protein, lipid profiles nutritional status
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Association of Body Weight Status and Socio-Demographic Factors with Food Habits among Preschool Children in Peninsular Malaysia
Norimah AK, Mohd Nasir MT, Hazizi AS, Suraya I, Loh SH & Nurliyana AR
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Changes in children's food habits are largely attributed to changes in the family and social environment. This cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the association of socio-demographic factors with food habits among preschool children in Peninsular Malaysia.
Methods: A total of 1,933 preschool children aged 4-6 years old participated in the study. Parents or guardians were interviewed on the socio-demographic characteristics and food habits of their children. Height and weight of the preschoolers were measured; BMI-for-age, weight-for-age and height-for-age were determined.
Results: The mean monthly household income was RM3,610 with 59.6% of parents having attained secondary education. The prevalence of possible risk of overweight, being overweight and obesity were 3.9%, 7.9% and 8.1%, respectively while the prevalence of underweight and stunting was 8.0% and 8.4%. A majority of the preschoolers consumed breakfast, lunch and dinner every day, with the proportion of children skipping their main meals at about 15.0%. Parents' education level and household income were significantly associated with intakes of fruits, vegetables, milk and dairy products, as well as fast food. However, there was no significant association between children's body weight status and frequency of main meals intake, fruits, vegetables, milk and dairy products, and fast food intake.
Conclusion: The preschoolers demonstrated moderately healthy food habits; nevertheless even at this young age, they were inclined towards fried foods, snacking and fast foods intake. Parents and guardians should play a more significant role in educating and promoting good nutrition and food habits among preschoolers.
Key words: Food habits, Peninsular Malaysia, preschoolers, socio-demographic factors
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Introduction: Changes in children's food habits are largely attributed to changes in the family and social environment. This cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the association of socio-demographic factors with food habits among preschool children in Peninsular Malaysia.
Methods: A total of 1,933 preschool children aged 4-6 years old participated in the study. Parents or guardians were interviewed on the socio-demographic characteristics and food habits of their children. Height and weight of the preschoolers were measured; BMI-for-age, weight-for-age and height-for-age were determined.
Results: The mean monthly household income was RM3,610 with 59.6% of parents having attained secondary education. The prevalence of possible risk of overweight, being overweight and obesity were 3.9%, 7.9% and 8.1%, respectively while the prevalence of underweight and stunting was 8.0% and 8.4%. A majority of the preschoolers consumed breakfast, lunch and dinner every day, with the proportion of children skipping their main meals at about 15.0%. Parents' education level and household income were significantly associated with intakes of fruits, vegetables, milk and dairy products, as well as fast food. However, there was no significant association between children's body weight status and frequency of main meals intake, fruits, vegetables, milk and dairy products, and fast food intake.
Conclusion: The preschoolers demonstrated moderately healthy food habits; nevertheless even at this young age, they were inclined towards fried foods, snacking and fast foods intake. Parents and guardians should play a more significant role in educating and promoting good nutrition and food habits among preschoolers.
Key words: Food habits, Peninsular Malaysia, preschoolers, socio-demographic factors
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Sodium Intake among Normotensive Health Staff Assessed by 24-Hour Urinary Excretion: A Cross-sectional Study
Rashidah A, Yeo PS, Noor Ani A, Muhammad Fadhli MY, Tahir A, Feisul Idzwan M, Ahmad Ali Z, Suhaila AG, AzIi B, Viola M, Zainal AO, Ruhaya S & Madihah M
ABSTRACT
Introduction: High sodium consumption over an extended period of time has been associated with hypertension, stroke, cardiovascular disease, renal damage, and other adverse health effects. This study aimed to determine urinary sodium excretion and consequently estimate dietary sodium consumption among normotensive health staff in Malaysia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to acquire data on sodium excretion among normotensive Ministry of Health staff aged 20 - 56 years (mean age 35.08, SD 9.78) in 14 states and a research institute. Respondents were recruited using quota sampling. Data collection was conducted from December 2011 to February 2012. A single urine sample was collected over 24 hours for sodium concentrations and calculated as 95.0% of total daily sodium intake.
Results: Among the 471 enrolled respondents, 445 (94.0%) provided complete information on socio-demography and urine samples. Mean urine sodium excretion was 142.0 mmol/day (SD 71.7), which is equivalent to 3429 mg sodium/day or 8.7 gm of salt intake (1.75 teaspoon, which exceeds the Malaysian recommendation of 2000 mg sodium/ day by 1.7 times. About 79.0% (n=353) of respondents (88.0% male and 73.0% female) had daily sodium consumption that was above the recommendation. Excretion was significantly higher among males at 161.7 mmol/day (SD 78.1) (3726 mg sodium/day) than females, 125.3 mmol/day (SD 61.1) (2875 mg/day). There was a positive, low correlation between BMI and sodium intake (r=0.216, p<0.001) and between age and sodium intake (r=0.083, p=0.040)
Conclusion: Daily sodium intake among health staff studied was much higher than the current recommendation. A more comprehensive educational programme should be implemented to positively influence staff towards the need to reduce sodium consumption.
Key words: 24-h urine sodium, dietary sodium, salt intake, sodium intake, urinary sodium excretion
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Introduction: High sodium consumption over an extended period of time has been associated with hypertension, stroke, cardiovascular disease, renal damage, and other adverse health effects. This study aimed to determine urinary sodium excretion and consequently estimate dietary sodium consumption among normotensive health staff in Malaysia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to acquire data on sodium excretion among normotensive Ministry of Health staff aged 20 - 56 years (mean age 35.08, SD 9.78) in 14 states and a research institute. Respondents were recruited using quota sampling. Data collection was conducted from December 2011 to February 2012. A single urine sample was collected over 24 hours for sodium concentrations and calculated as 95.0% of total daily sodium intake.
Results: Among the 471 enrolled respondents, 445 (94.0%) provided complete information on socio-demography and urine samples. Mean urine sodium excretion was 142.0 mmol/day (SD 71.7), which is equivalent to 3429 mg sodium/day or 8.7 gm of salt intake (1.75 teaspoon, which exceeds the Malaysian recommendation of 2000 mg sodium/ day by 1.7 times. About 79.0% (n=353) of respondents (88.0% male and 73.0% female) had daily sodium consumption that was above the recommendation. Excretion was significantly higher among males at 161.7 mmol/day (SD 78.1) (3726 mg sodium/day) than females, 125.3 mmol/day (SD 61.1) (2875 mg/day). There was a positive, low correlation between BMI and sodium intake (r=0.216, p<0.001) and between age and sodium intake (r=0.083, p=0.040)
Conclusion: Daily sodium intake among health staff studied was much higher than the current recommendation. A more comprehensive educational programme should be implemented to positively influence staff towards the need to reduce sodium consumption.
Key words: 24-h urine sodium, dietary sodium, salt intake, sodium intake, urinary sodium excretion
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Assessment of Nutrition Knowledge of a University Community in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Attlee A, Abu-Qiyas S & Obaid RS
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The aim of the present study was to assess the nutrition knowledge of the University of Sharjah community.
Methods: A 50-item self-administered nutrition knowledge questionnaire validated for adults in UK was adapted to assess knowledge on current dietary recommendations, sources of nutrients, everyday food choices and diet-disease relationships. A cut-off score of 70% correct response was used to indicate 'adequate' knowledge level. All faculty, staff and students with UOS website accessibility were included.
Results: The online questionnaire was filled by 265 respondents. The majority were 18-24-year-old students. Most respondents were aware of dietary recommendations but knowledge level was inadequate in terms of starchy foods (47.1%) to be eaten in lesser amounts; consumption of saturated fats (59.5%) to be reduced; and consumption of low fat dairy products (64.8%). Knowledge of common food sources of nutrients was adequate. Knowledge on specific sources of low salt or low fibre foods, cholesterol, healthy and not healthy alternatives to red meat was inadequate. Similarly, application of dietary recommendations in choosing everyday foods depicted inadequate knowledge. Knowledge of diet-disease relationships was also low. Females were significantly better-informed than males, with higher knowledge scores in each section of the questionnaire.
Conclusion: A university community constitutes the informed section of a society. However, inadequate nutrition knowledge in this population reinforces the need for broad spectrum interventions to raise awareness on applying dietary recommendations and diet-disease relationships so as to make an informed choice in selecting everyday foods.
Key words: Nutrition knowledge, United Arab Emirates, university faculty and students
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Introduction: The aim of the present study was to assess the nutrition knowledge of the University of Sharjah community.
Methods: A 50-item self-administered nutrition knowledge questionnaire validated for adults in UK was adapted to assess knowledge on current dietary recommendations, sources of nutrients, everyday food choices and diet-disease relationships. A cut-off score of 70% correct response was used to indicate 'adequate' knowledge level. All faculty, staff and students with UOS website accessibility were included.
Results: The online questionnaire was filled by 265 respondents. The majority were 18-24-year-old students. Most respondents were aware of dietary recommendations but knowledge level was inadequate in terms of starchy foods (47.1%) to be eaten in lesser amounts; consumption of saturated fats (59.5%) to be reduced; and consumption of low fat dairy products (64.8%). Knowledge of common food sources of nutrients was adequate. Knowledge on specific sources of low salt or low fibre foods, cholesterol, healthy and not healthy alternatives to red meat was inadequate. Similarly, application of dietary recommendations in choosing everyday foods depicted inadequate knowledge. Knowledge of diet-disease relationships was also low. Females were significantly better-informed than males, with higher knowledge scores in each section of the questionnaire.
Conclusion: A university community constitutes the informed section of a society. However, inadequate nutrition knowledge in this population reinforces the need for broad spectrum interventions to raise awareness on applying dietary recommendations and diet-disease relationships so as to make an informed choice in selecting everyday foods.
Key words: Nutrition knowledge, United Arab Emirates, university faculty and students
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Assessment of Physical Inactivity and its Associated Factors Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in a University Primary Clinic in Kuala Lumpur
Azmawati MN & Siti Norbayah Y
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is on the rise in Malaysia. Physical inactivity is common among T2DM patients and is an important aspect that warrants action as it may lead to poor glycemic control. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to assess the prevalence of physical inactivity and its associated factors among T2DM patients.
Methods: The sample consisted of 121 T2DM patients aged 18 to 65 years who attended the UK11{MC primary clinic for routine follow up. A questionnaire consisting of three sections was used to collect the data: (i) socio-economic and diabetes-related factors; (ii) physical inactivity using shortened International Physical Activity Questionnaire (]PAQ); and (iii) five domains leading to physical inactivity.
Results:The mean age of the sample was found to be 56.2 ± 8.5 years; 55% were physically inactive; 76% had low education; 55.4% had low income; 76% had poor glycemic control; and mean duration of illness was 7.8 ± 6.9 years. Factors significantly associated with physical inactivity were presence of health complications (x2= 5.89; p=0.015) and factor domains of 'respondent's current physical health' (t=5.88, p<0.001), 'availability of facility' (t=3.45, p<0.001), 'availability of time' (t=3.57, p<0.001) and 'respondent's perception of possibility of sustaining pain and injury during physical activity' (t=3.64, p<0.001). Using multiple logistic regression, only factors of 'physical health factor' (Adjusted OR: 1.58, confidence interval 95% (CI 95%): 1.31-1.92, p<0.001) and 'time' (adjusted OR: 1.27, CI 95%: 1.12-1.45, p<0.001) were found to be associated with higher odds for physical inactivity.
Conclusion: The results indicate that facility availability, time management and better management of health complications could increase physical activity among T2DM patients.
Key words: Physical inactivity, type 2 diabetes
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Introduction: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is on the rise in Malaysia. Physical inactivity is common among T2DM patients and is an important aspect that warrants action as it may lead to poor glycemic control. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to assess the prevalence of physical inactivity and its associated factors among T2DM patients.
Methods: The sample consisted of 121 T2DM patients aged 18 to 65 years who attended the UK11{MC primary clinic for routine follow up. A questionnaire consisting of three sections was used to collect the data: (i) socio-economic and diabetes-related factors; (ii) physical inactivity using shortened International Physical Activity Questionnaire (]PAQ); and (iii) five domains leading to physical inactivity.
Results:The mean age of the sample was found to be 56.2 ± 8.5 years; 55% were physically inactive; 76% had low education; 55.4% had low income; 76% had poor glycemic control; and mean duration of illness was 7.8 ± 6.9 years. Factors significantly associated with physical inactivity were presence of health complications (x2= 5.89; p=0.015) and factor domains of 'respondent's current physical health' (t=5.88, p<0.001), 'availability of facility' (t=3.45, p<0.001), 'availability of time' (t=3.57, p<0.001) and 'respondent's perception of possibility of sustaining pain and injury during physical activity' (t=3.64, p<0.001). Using multiple logistic regression, only factors of 'physical health factor' (Adjusted OR: 1.58, confidence interval 95% (CI 95%): 1.31-1.92, p<0.001) and 'time' (adjusted OR: 1.27, CI 95%: 1.12-1.45, p<0.001) were found to be associated with higher odds for physical inactivity.
Conclusion: The results indicate that facility availability, time management and better management of health complications could increase physical activity among T2DM patients.
Key words: Physical inactivity, type 2 diabetes
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Assessment of Breastfeeding Problems Experienced by Mothers in the First Six Months Postpartum: A Process of Tool Development
Manjilala, Judhiastuty Februhartanty & Dian N Basuki
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Studies have found that breastfeeding problems are associated with negative breastfeeding outcomes. Unfortunately, assessing breastfeeding problems can be quite difficult. The objective of the paper is to share the process of tool development for the assessment of breastfeeding problem in an Indonesian setting.
Methods: The development of the tool was a two-stage process, consisting of understanding the range and pattern of breastfeeding problems (through literature review, discussions with lactation experts, and in-depth interviews with nursing mothers) and the production of the tool (through discussions with graphic designers and communication practitioners, pre-testing the tools, and finalising a workable, viable tool). The process led the authors to use flash cards for assessing the breastfeeding problems. Each card consisted of information about age, a code number, an image and a description of the breastfeeding problem. Each set of the flash cards represented an age period of 0-1, 1-3, and 3-6 months. The final flash cards were used in a cross-sectional study of 205 mothers of infants aged 6-12 months in Maros District, South Sulawesi.
Results: The flash cards captured patterns of breastfeeding problems experienced by mothers within the first month, such as sore nipple, no milk production, fatigue, breast engorgement, and sleepy baby, or those problems that persisted throughout the six-month period such as infants' refusal to breastfeed and mothers feeling fatigued. The decreasing or increasing magnitude of a problem over time was also reflected in the flash cards.
Conclusion: Identification of the dynamic patterns and magnitude of breastfeeding problems was successfully captured with the use of flash cards.
Key words: Breastfeeding problems, flash cards, Indonesia, tools development
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Introduction: Studies have found that breastfeeding problems are associated with negative breastfeeding outcomes. Unfortunately, assessing breastfeeding problems can be quite difficult. The objective of the paper is to share the process of tool development for the assessment of breastfeeding problem in an Indonesian setting.
Methods: The development of the tool was a two-stage process, consisting of understanding the range and pattern of breastfeeding problems (through literature review, discussions with lactation experts, and in-depth interviews with nursing mothers) and the production of the tool (through discussions with graphic designers and communication practitioners, pre-testing the tools, and finalising a workable, viable tool). The process led the authors to use flash cards for assessing the breastfeeding problems. Each card consisted of information about age, a code number, an image and a description of the breastfeeding problem. Each set of the flash cards represented an age period of 0-1, 1-3, and 3-6 months. The final flash cards were used in a cross-sectional study of 205 mothers of infants aged 6-12 months in Maros District, South Sulawesi.
Results: The flash cards captured patterns of breastfeeding problems experienced by mothers within the first month, such as sore nipple, no milk production, fatigue, breast engorgement, and sleepy baby, or those problems that persisted throughout the six-month period such as infants' refusal to breastfeed and mothers feeling fatigued. The decreasing or increasing magnitude of a problem over time was also reflected in the flash cards.
Conclusion: Identification of the dynamic patterns and magnitude of breastfeeding problems was successfully captured with the use of flash cards.
Key words: Breastfeeding problems, flash cards, Indonesia, tools development
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Association Between Ready-to-Eat Cereal Consumption and Anthropometric Status Among Primary School Children in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Koo HC, Suriyani MY Sr Ruzita AT
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The consumption of ready-to-eat cereals (RTECs) has been associated with lower anthropometric status as well as a lower risk of childhood obesity. This relationship has not been investigated among school children in Malaysia. This study aimed to determine the association between consumption of RTECs and anthropometric status among primary school children in Kuala Lumpur.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 208 school children aged 10 and 11 years were recruited from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Information on socio-demographics, RTECs consumption and anthropometric measurements (height, weight and waist circumference) were obtained.
Results: The overall median body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were 17.95(IqR 6.45) kg/ m2 and 57.35 (IqR 13.00) cm, respectively. The majority of the children (73%) consumed RTECs. The prevalence of obesity was 23.1%, with more boys (31%) than girls (17.4%) being obese. Meanwhile, 16.8% of the children were overweight. BMI (U=3335.50, z=-2.278, p=0.023) and WC (U=3273.50, z=-2.440, p=0.015) of those who consumed RTECs were significantly lower than those who did not consume RTECs. Meanwhile, children who did not consume RTECs were significantly more likely to develop abdominal adiposity than those who consumed RTECS, x2(2, N=208) =7.61, p=0.022.
Conclusion: Children who consumed RTECs have significantly lower BMI and WC, as well as a lower chance of developing abdominal adiposity. Consumption of RTECs indicates an overall healthy lifestyle with an excellent nutritional profile to promote healthy body weight in children and decreased risk of childhood obesity.
Key words: Anthropometric status, childhood obesity, ready-to-eat cereals, school children
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Introduction: The consumption of ready-to-eat cereals (RTECs) has been associated with lower anthropometric status as well as a lower risk of childhood obesity. This relationship has not been investigated among school children in Malaysia. This study aimed to determine the association between consumption of RTECs and anthropometric status among primary school children in Kuala Lumpur.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 208 school children aged 10 and 11 years were recruited from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Information on socio-demographics, RTECs consumption and anthropometric measurements (height, weight and waist circumference) were obtained.
Results: The overall median body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were 17.95(IqR 6.45) kg/ m2 and 57.35 (IqR 13.00) cm, respectively. The majority of the children (73%) consumed RTECs. The prevalence of obesity was 23.1%, with more boys (31%) than girls (17.4%) being obese. Meanwhile, 16.8% of the children were overweight. BMI (U=3335.50, z=-2.278, p=0.023) and WC (U=3273.50, z=-2.440, p=0.015) of those who consumed RTECs were significantly lower than those who did not consume RTECs. Meanwhile, children who did not consume RTECs were significantly more likely to develop abdominal adiposity than those who consumed RTECS, x2(2, N=208) =7.61, p=0.022.
Conclusion: Children who consumed RTECs have significantly lower BMI and WC, as well as a lower chance of developing abdominal adiposity. Consumption of RTECs indicates an overall healthy lifestyle with an excellent nutritional profile to promote healthy body weight in children and decreased risk of childhood obesity.
Key words: Anthropometric status, childhood obesity, ready-to-eat cereals, school children
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Determination of the Presence and Levels of Heavy Metals and Other Elements in Raw and Commercial Edible Bird Nests
Chen JXJ, Lim PKC, Wong SF & Mak JW
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Heavy metals and other contaminants in food have been a concern to food industries, consumers and governing authorities. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of heavy metals and other elements in edible bird nests (EBNs).
Methods: Raw and processed (commercial) EBNs were used in the study. Raw EBNs were collected directly from five house farms in Peninsular Malaysia - Kuala Sanglang (Kedah), Pantai Remis (Perak), Kluang (Johor), Kota Bharu (Kelantan) and Kajang (Selangor). Processed EBNs were purchased from five Chinese traditional medicinal shops located in Peninsular Malaysia. The levels of 32 elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and findings of the study were compared to the maximum regulatory limits set by the Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) for EBNs.
Results: Of the seven elements with maximum regulatory limits (As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Sn, Cu, Fe), one raw EBN was detected with mercury level of 70.180 ppb which was above the SIRIM permissible limit of 50 ppb. All the EBNs had iron levels above the SIRIM permissible limit of 30 ppb. The levels of the other 25 elements with no maximum regulatory limits (Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, Co, Cr, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn, Ag, Ba, Be, Bi, B, Li, Ni, Sb, Sr, Ti, U, V, Al, Zr) were also determined.
Conclusion: The data obtained for the 25 elements with no permissible limits can serve as baseline data for further studies to establish their maximum regulatory limits.
Key words: Edible bird nests, heavy metal contamination, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
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Introduction: Heavy metals and other contaminants in food have been a concern to food industries, consumers and governing authorities. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of heavy metals and other elements in edible bird nests (EBNs).
Methods: Raw and processed (commercial) EBNs were used in the study. Raw EBNs were collected directly from five house farms in Peninsular Malaysia - Kuala Sanglang (Kedah), Pantai Remis (Perak), Kluang (Johor), Kota Bharu (Kelantan) and Kajang (Selangor). Processed EBNs were purchased from five Chinese traditional medicinal shops located in Peninsular Malaysia. The levels of 32 elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and findings of the study were compared to the maximum regulatory limits set by the Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) for EBNs.
Results: Of the seven elements with maximum regulatory limits (As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Sn, Cu, Fe), one raw EBN was detected with mercury level of 70.180 ppb which was above the SIRIM permissible limit of 50 ppb. All the EBNs had iron levels above the SIRIM permissible limit of 30 ppb. The levels of the other 25 elements with no maximum regulatory limits (Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, Co, Cr, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn, Ag, Ba, Be, Bi, B, Li, Ni, Sb, Sr, Ti, U, V, Al, Zr) were also determined.
Conclusion: The data obtained for the 25 elements with no permissible limits can serve as baseline data for further studies to establish their maximum regulatory limits.
Key words: Edible bird nests, heavy metal contamination, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
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Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolics and Isoflavones in Vegetables Available in Thailand
Ratana Sapbamrer, Ittirit Moonmuang & Piyawan Nuntaboon
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Increased interest in phenolic compounds is largely due to findings of their association with antioxidant, antimutagenic, antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities with reduced risk of free radicals related diseases. Local vegetables of Thailand were examined for antioxidant activity, total phenolics and isoflavone contents.
Methods: Thirty edible leaf and 13 other-parts of vegetable plants were collected from the markets in Northern Thailand for analysis of antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS assays), total phenolics, and isoflavones.
Results: The antioxidant activity for DPPH assay and total phenolics of edible leaf vegetables (EC50 = 541.2+498.9 jug/ mL and 2438.7+3342.7 pg GAE/g dry extract respectively) were significantly higher than those of the other edible plant parts (EC50 =1315.5±1303.4 pg/mL and 1263.3+3281.7 pg GAE/ g dry extract respectively). Ten types of edible leaf vegetables and only one example of plant part, namely ginger, exhibited high antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activities for DPPH and ABTS assays were associated with total phenolics concentration.
Conclusion: Antioxidant activity and total phenolics of Thai edible leaf vegetables were higher than those of other edible plant parts. The Thai copper pod showed the highest levels of total phenolics and isoflavones, and strong antioxidant activity. Further investigation should be undertaken to examine the active mechanisms of these properties in relations to health benefits.
Key words: ABTS, antioxidant, DPPH, herbs, isoflavone, total phenolics, vegetables
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Introduction: Increased interest in phenolic compounds is largely due to findings of their association with antioxidant, antimutagenic, antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities with reduced risk of free radicals related diseases. Local vegetables of Thailand were examined for antioxidant activity, total phenolics and isoflavone contents.
Methods: Thirty edible leaf and 13 other-parts of vegetable plants were collected from the markets in Northern Thailand for analysis of antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS assays), total phenolics, and isoflavones.
Results: The antioxidant activity for DPPH assay and total phenolics of edible leaf vegetables (EC50 = 541.2+498.9 jug/ mL and 2438.7+3342.7 pg GAE/g dry extract respectively) were significantly higher than those of the other edible plant parts (EC50 =1315.5±1303.4 pg/mL and 1263.3+3281.7 pg GAE/ g dry extract respectively). Ten types of edible leaf vegetables and only one example of plant part, namely ginger, exhibited high antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activities for DPPH and ABTS assays were associated with total phenolics concentration.
Conclusion: Antioxidant activity and total phenolics of Thai edible leaf vegetables were higher than those of other edible plant parts. The Thai copper pod showed the highest levels of total phenolics and isoflavones, and strong antioxidant activity. Further investigation should be undertaken to examine the active mechanisms of these properties in relations to health benefits.
Key words: ABTS, antioxidant, DPPH, herbs, isoflavone, total phenolics, vegetables
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Effect of Cosmos caudatus Kunth. (Ulam Raja) Aqueous and Dry Extracts on the Physicochemical and Functional Properties, and Sensory Acceptability of Herbal Yellow Alkaline Noodles
Norlaili AH, Roselina Kt & Muhammad T S
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Cosmos caudatus (Ulam Raja) is rich in phytochemicals and can be utilised in diet diversification strategies to improve the health of individuals. This study was designed to incorporate dry and aqueous extracts of C. caudatus for the preparation of herbal noodles.
Methods: For this purpose, different proportions of dry extract (2, 4 and 6% dry extract) and aqueous extract (5, 10 and 15% aqueous extract) of C. caudatus were used. The physicochemical properties of noodles evaluated were pH, cooking time, cooking loss, texture and colour. Total polyphenol contents (TPC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay were carried out to assess the antioxidant potential. Lastly, sensory appraisal of functional noodles was carried out to assess consumer acceptance and marketability.
Results: The results on physicochemical properties indicated that the pH value of noodles varied from 8.66 to 10.47. In terms of textural analysis and colour properties, firmness and greenness (a*) were higher in dry extract noodles. TPC varied between 115 to 149 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE/100g) whilst the highest DPPH free radical inhibition was exhibited in herbal noodles prepared using 4% dry extract (92.8%). In contrast, in terms of sensory appraisal, herbal noodles prepared with aqueous extract were more acceptable than dry extract noodles.
Conclusion: C. caudatus can be utilised to prepare herbal noodles thus enhancing the dietary intake of phytochemicals especially antioxidants. Such functional foods can improve the health of consumers and offer the potential of protection against various ailments.
Key words: Antioxidants, Cosmos caudatus, DPPH assay, functional foods, herbal yellow alkaline noodles
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Introduction: Cosmos caudatus (Ulam Raja) is rich in phytochemicals and can be utilised in diet diversification strategies to improve the health of individuals. This study was designed to incorporate dry and aqueous extracts of C. caudatus for the preparation of herbal noodles.
Methods: For this purpose, different proportions of dry extract (2, 4 and 6% dry extract) and aqueous extract (5, 10 and 15% aqueous extract) of C. caudatus were used. The physicochemical properties of noodles evaluated were pH, cooking time, cooking loss, texture and colour. Total polyphenol contents (TPC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay were carried out to assess the antioxidant potential. Lastly, sensory appraisal of functional noodles was carried out to assess consumer acceptance and marketability.
Results: The results on physicochemical properties indicated that the pH value of noodles varied from 8.66 to 10.47. In terms of textural analysis and colour properties, firmness and greenness (a*) were higher in dry extract noodles. TPC varied between 115 to 149 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE/100g) whilst the highest DPPH free radical inhibition was exhibited in herbal noodles prepared using 4% dry extract (92.8%). In contrast, in terms of sensory appraisal, herbal noodles prepared with aqueous extract were more acceptable than dry extract noodles.
Conclusion: C. caudatus can be utilised to prepare herbal noodles thus enhancing the dietary intake of phytochemicals especially antioxidants. Such functional foods can improve the health of consumers and offer the potential of protection against various ailments.
Key words: Antioxidants, Cosmos caudatus, DPPH assay, functional foods, herbal yellow alkaline noodles
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Nutritional Composition of Ready-to-Eat Cereals in the Malaysian Market
Suraiami M, Mohd Fairulnizal MN, Norhayati MK, Zaiton A, Norliza AH, Wan Syuriahti WZ, Rusidah S, Aswir AR, Mohd Naeem MN, Mohd Azerulazree J, Vimala B & Husniza H
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This study aimed to determine the nutrient content of cornflakes and muesli, ready-to-eat cereal products available in the Malaysian market. Cornflakes and muesli were chosen due to their popularity as a breakfast meal especially in urban areas.
Methods: A total of six brands each for cornflakes and muesli were purchased from supermarkets in the Kiang Valley using stratified random sampling. All samples were analysed using AOAC official methods of analysis. The validity of the test data was monitored with the application of internal quality controls in line with the requirements of ISO 17025.
Results: Proximate analysis revealed significantly higher mean levels of carbohydrate (86.94 ± 0.59 mg/100g), minerals such as iron (8.48 ± 1.72 mg/100g) and sodium (674.83 ± 102.99 g/100g), B3 as niacinamide (25.87 ± 6.14 g/100g) and sucrose (5.10 ± 0.90 mg/100g) in cornflakes than in muesli. However, muesli contained significantly more mean moisture (10.23 ± 0.72 mg/100g), protein (10.07 ± 0.79 mg/100g), total dietary fibre (12.49 ± 1.44 mg/100g), magnesium (113.22 ± 7.93 mg/100g), zinc (1.65 ± 0.16 mg/100g), copper (0.25 ± 0.02 mg/100g), total sugar (18.75 ± 2.05 mg/100g), glucose (7.70 ± 1.77 mg/100g) and fructose (8.68 ± 1.76 mg/100g) than cornflakes. Most of the fatty acids analysed were not detected or of low value in both the cereal products.
Conclusion: The nutrient analysis of cornflakes and muesli suggests that both ready-to-eat cereals are nutritionally good choice as breakfast for consumers as it provides carbohydrate, minerals, fibre and vitamins. The data provides additional information to the Malaysian Food Composition Database.
Key words: Cornflakes, Malaysian Food Composition Database, muesli, nutritional, proximate, ready-to-eat cereal(s)
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Introduction: This study aimed to determine the nutrient content of cornflakes and muesli, ready-to-eat cereal products available in the Malaysian market. Cornflakes and muesli were chosen due to their popularity as a breakfast meal especially in urban areas.
Methods: A total of six brands each for cornflakes and muesli were purchased from supermarkets in the Kiang Valley using stratified random sampling. All samples were analysed using AOAC official methods of analysis. The validity of the test data was monitored with the application of internal quality controls in line with the requirements of ISO 17025.
Results: Proximate analysis revealed significantly higher mean levels of carbohydrate (86.94 ± 0.59 mg/100g), minerals such as iron (8.48 ± 1.72 mg/100g) and sodium (674.83 ± 102.99 g/100g), B3 as niacinamide (25.87 ± 6.14 g/100g) and sucrose (5.10 ± 0.90 mg/100g) in cornflakes than in muesli. However, muesli contained significantly more mean moisture (10.23 ± 0.72 mg/100g), protein (10.07 ± 0.79 mg/100g), total dietary fibre (12.49 ± 1.44 mg/100g), magnesium (113.22 ± 7.93 mg/100g), zinc (1.65 ± 0.16 mg/100g), copper (0.25 ± 0.02 mg/100g), total sugar (18.75 ± 2.05 mg/100g), glucose (7.70 ± 1.77 mg/100g) and fructose (8.68 ± 1.76 mg/100g) than cornflakes. Most of the fatty acids analysed were not detected or of low value in both the cereal products.
Conclusion: The nutrient analysis of cornflakes and muesli suggests that both ready-to-eat cereals are nutritionally good choice as breakfast for consumers as it provides carbohydrate, minerals, fibre and vitamins. The data provides additional information to the Malaysian Food Composition Database.
Key words: Cornflakes, Malaysian Food Composition Database, muesli, nutritional, proximate, ready-to-eat cereal(s)
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Family Meals away from Home and Nutritional Status of Adolescents
Viroj Wiwanitkit
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