MJN 2015 Issues
Malaysian Journal of Nutrition
Volume 21 No.1, 2015
Table of Content
Whole School Mapping to Investigate the School Environment's Potential to Promote a Healthy Diet and Physical Activity in Malaysia
Hayati Adilin MAM, Holdsworth M, McCullough F, Swift JA & Norimah AK
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The school is a vital part in the development of children's dietary practices as children consume a substantial proportion of their daily intake at school. The school environment offers an ideal location for health education and intervention against physical inactivity and poor nutritional intake.
Methods: A mapping tool was developed to map the school environment on four levels: physical, economic, political, and socio-cultural that can potentially affect healthy eating and physical activity. The mapping was piloted and completed by interviewing twelve teachers (responsible for student affairs and the school curriculum), followed by observation at twelve randomly selected schools (six urban, six rural) in Terengganu, Eastern Peninsular Malaysia.
Results: For physical environment, 55.0% of the criteria were met and while all schools taught nutrition and physical activity, this was not backed up with actual facilities for practising physical activity or food preparation. For economic environment, 17.7% of the criteria were met and eleven out of twelve schools had mobile caterers outside their front gates selling energy-dense food/drink. For political environment, 52.1% of the criteria were met and all teachers were aware of the existence of the national catering and nutrition guidelines, but they reported a lack of resources for implementation and monitoring. For socio-cultural environment, 59.2% of the criteria were met and all schools used sweet foods and drinks as rewards at large events.
Conclusion: The findings suggest potential avenues exist for intervention in schools to provide a supportive environment that promotes healthier eating and physical activity to prevent obesity.
Key words: Healthy eating, nutrition, physical activity, school environment, whole school mapping
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Introduction: The school is a vital part in the development of children's dietary practices as children consume a substantial proportion of their daily intake at school. The school environment offers an ideal location for health education and intervention against physical inactivity and poor nutritional intake.
Methods: A mapping tool was developed to map the school environment on four levels: physical, economic, political, and socio-cultural that can potentially affect healthy eating and physical activity. The mapping was piloted and completed by interviewing twelve teachers (responsible for student affairs and the school curriculum), followed by observation at twelve randomly selected schools (six urban, six rural) in Terengganu, Eastern Peninsular Malaysia.
Results: For physical environment, 55.0% of the criteria were met and while all schools taught nutrition and physical activity, this was not backed up with actual facilities for practising physical activity or food preparation. For economic environment, 17.7% of the criteria were met and eleven out of twelve schools had mobile caterers outside their front gates selling energy-dense food/drink. For political environment, 52.1% of the criteria were met and all teachers were aware of the existence of the national catering and nutrition guidelines, but they reported a lack of resources for implementation and monitoring. For socio-cultural environment, 59.2% of the criteria were met and all schools used sweet foods and drinks as rewards at large events.
Conclusion: The findings suggest potential avenues exist for intervention in schools to provide a supportive environment that promotes healthier eating and physical activity to prevent obesity.
Key words: Healthy eating, nutrition, physical activity, school environment, whole school mapping
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Contribution of Snacks to Energy and Nutrient Intake of Undergraduates in a Nigerian University
Ukegbu PO, Uwaegbute AC & Usonka VA
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The caloric contribution from snacks is a growing public health concern. University students tend to depend on snacks rather than consuming foods of high nutritional value. This study was aimed at assessing contribution of snacks to nutrient intake of undergraduates.
Methods: A validated questionnaire was distributed to 200 purposively selected undergraduates (106 males and 94 females), aged between 16 and 25 years, of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike Abia State, Nigeria. The survey included questions regarding personal characteristics and dietary habits. Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometry. Dietary intake was by 24-hour recall for two consecutive days including a weekend day. Descriptive statistics and student test were performed using SPSS version 16.
Results: The commonly consumed snacks were pastries (35%), biscuits (32.5%) and cakes (16.5%), while carbonated (69%) and malt (23%) drinks were their favourite. Many of them skipped meals especially breakfast (41.5%) mainly due to lack of time (34.0%). Males had a significantly higher energy intake (2819.0kcal) than females (2051.0kcal) (p<0.05). Snacks contributed 85.7% and 87.7%, 41.8% and 41.7%, and 55.9% and 50.6% to energy, protein and fat intake of males and females respectively. In terms of iron, calcium and vitamin C intakes, snacks contributed 55.9% and 58.3%, 27.4% and 40.0% and 61.5% and 70.4% for males and females, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 29.5% and 4.0% for males and females, respectively.
Conclusion: Energy contribution from snacks represented a large percentage of total calorie intake of the students. Nutritional education should be provided to enable students make healthy food choices.
Key words: Nutrient intake, nutritional status, snacks, university undergraduates
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Introduction: The caloric contribution from snacks is a growing public health concern. University students tend to depend on snacks rather than consuming foods of high nutritional value. This study was aimed at assessing contribution of snacks to nutrient intake of undergraduates.
Methods: A validated questionnaire was distributed to 200 purposively selected undergraduates (106 males and 94 females), aged between 16 and 25 years, of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike Abia State, Nigeria. The survey included questions regarding personal characteristics and dietary habits. Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometry. Dietary intake was by 24-hour recall for two consecutive days including a weekend day. Descriptive statistics and student test were performed using SPSS version 16.
Results: The commonly consumed snacks were pastries (35%), biscuits (32.5%) and cakes (16.5%), while carbonated (69%) and malt (23%) drinks were their favourite. Many of them skipped meals especially breakfast (41.5%) mainly due to lack of time (34.0%). Males had a significantly higher energy intake (2819.0kcal) than females (2051.0kcal) (p<0.05). Snacks contributed 85.7% and 87.7%, 41.8% and 41.7%, and 55.9% and 50.6% to energy, protein and fat intake of males and females respectively. In terms of iron, calcium and vitamin C intakes, snacks contributed 55.9% and 58.3%, 27.4% and 40.0% and 61.5% and 70.4% for males and females, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 29.5% and 4.0% for males and females, respectively.
Conclusion: Energy contribution from snacks represented a large percentage of total calorie intake of the students. Nutritional education should be provided to enable students make healthy food choices.
Key words: Nutrient intake, nutritional status, snacks, university undergraduates
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Validation of a Food Choice Questionnaire among Adolescents in Penang, Malaysia
Ooi SY, Mohd Nash MT, Barakai-un Nisak MY & Chin YS
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This is a validation study of the modified version of the Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ), a multidimensional measure of food choice motives.
Methods: Adolescents aged 15 to 17 years attending schools from three randomly selected co-educational and multiracial public secondary schools were invited to participate in this study. Data were collected using a sell-administered modified version of the FCQ consisting of 58 items assessing 13 factors including health, mood, convenience, sensory appeal, natural content, price, weight control, familiarity, ethical concern, religion, parents, peers and media. Factor analysis with the extraction of a maximum likelihood and varimax rotation were performed to validate the FCQ.
Results: A total of 306 students comprising 64.7% Malay, 19.3% Chinese and 16.0% Indian with a mean age of 16.1±0.3 years participated in this study. Based on their BMI status, a majority (71.9%) of the participants had normal weight, 8.2% were thin, 1.6% severely thin while 12.1% were overweight and 6.2% obese. Six factors (health and nutrition knowledge, price and convenience, media, mood and sensory appeal, peers, and parents), consisting of 36 items and explaining 45.9% of the variance, remained from the factor analysis. The reliability of the FCQ factors was good, with Cronbach's a coefficient values as follows: health and nutrition knowledge=0.84, price and convenience=0.82, media=0.89, mood and sensory appeal=0.79, peers=0.84, and parents=0.75.
Conclusion: This modified version of the FCQ validated among Malaysian adolescents is recommended for future research determining food choice motives of adolescents.
Key words: Adolescents, food choice motives, food choice questionnaire, school, validation
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Introduction: This is a validation study of the modified version of the Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ), a multidimensional measure of food choice motives.
Methods: Adolescents aged 15 to 17 years attending schools from three randomly selected co-educational and multiracial public secondary schools were invited to participate in this study. Data were collected using a sell-administered modified version of the FCQ consisting of 58 items assessing 13 factors including health, mood, convenience, sensory appeal, natural content, price, weight control, familiarity, ethical concern, religion, parents, peers and media. Factor analysis with the extraction of a maximum likelihood and varimax rotation were performed to validate the FCQ.
Results: A total of 306 students comprising 64.7% Malay, 19.3% Chinese and 16.0% Indian with a mean age of 16.1±0.3 years participated in this study. Based on their BMI status, a majority (71.9%) of the participants had normal weight, 8.2% were thin, 1.6% severely thin while 12.1% were overweight and 6.2% obese. Six factors (health and nutrition knowledge, price and convenience, media, mood and sensory appeal, peers, and parents), consisting of 36 items and explaining 45.9% of the variance, remained from the factor analysis. The reliability of the FCQ factors was good, with Cronbach's a coefficient values as follows: health and nutrition knowledge=0.84, price and convenience=0.82, media=0.89, mood and sensory appeal=0.79, peers=0.84, and parents=0.75.
Conclusion: This modified version of the FCQ validated among Malaysian adolescents is recommended for future research determining food choice motives of adolescents.
Key words: Adolescents, food choice motives, food choice questionnaire, school, validation
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Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Fasting and Non-Fasting during Pregnancy
Boskabadi H, Zakerihamidi M, Salehpour A, Mohebbi T & Rezaeian A
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Gynecologists and pediatrics traditionally recommend non-fasting state in the second and third trimesters since the neonate's growth in this period is rapid, but there is no obvious scientific data based on this rationale. This study was conducted to compare maternal and neonatal outcomes arising from fasting in three trimesters and also to compare it with non-fasting mothers and their neonates.
Methods: This cross-sectional study covered 1000 mothers who had delivered at Mashhad Ghaem Hospital between 2009 and 2013. Samples were divided into two groups of case and control based on fasting or non-fasting history during pregnancy. There were 614 and 386 in the case and control group respectively. The maternal [age, weight before pregnancy, pregnancy complications, urinary tract infection (UTI) and neonatal characteristics (birth height and weight, abnormality, Apgar score)] in each trimester of pregnancy were compared between the two groups.
Results: Significant differences were obtained between the cases and control groups for (i) UTI in the 1st and 2nd trimesters; (ii) number of preterm labour in the 1st and 3rd trimesters; (iii) Apgar score in the 1st and 5th minute during the 1st trimester.
Conclusion: Fasting appeared to exert no negative effects on maternal and neonatal outcomes except for UTT. Therefore, control of UTI during the prenatal period would be helpful.
Key words: Fasting, maternal outcomes, neonatal problems, pregnancy, trimesters
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Introduction: Gynecologists and pediatrics traditionally recommend non-fasting state in the second and third trimesters since the neonate's growth in this period is rapid, but there is no obvious scientific data based on this rationale. This study was conducted to compare maternal and neonatal outcomes arising from fasting in three trimesters and also to compare it with non-fasting mothers and their neonates.
Methods: This cross-sectional study covered 1000 mothers who had delivered at Mashhad Ghaem Hospital between 2009 and 2013. Samples were divided into two groups of case and control based on fasting or non-fasting history during pregnancy. There were 614 and 386 in the case and control group respectively. The maternal [age, weight before pregnancy, pregnancy complications, urinary tract infection (UTI) and neonatal characteristics (birth height and weight, abnormality, Apgar score)] in each trimester of pregnancy were compared between the two groups.
Results: Significant differences were obtained between the cases and control groups for (i) UTI in the 1st and 2nd trimesters; (ii) number of preterm labour in the 1st and 3rd trimesters; (iii) Apgar score in the 1st and 5th minute during the 1st trimester.
Conclusion: Fasting appeared to exert no negative effects on maternal and neonatal outcomes except for UTT. Therefore, control of UTI during the prenatal period would be helpful.
Key words: Fasting, maternal outcomes, neonatal problems, pregnancy, trimesters
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Body Somatotype, Anthropometric Characteristics and Physical Activity of College-Age Adults in Selected Institutions of Higher Learning in Kelantan, Malaysia
Wan Abdul Manan WM, Kum CS & Lee YY
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the body somatotypes, anthropometric characteristics and physical activity levels of young adults.
Methods: Using a systematic sampling approach, a total of 180 students were recruited from three institutions of higher learning in the state of Kelantan. Body weight, height and other anthropometric dimensions including skinfold, bone breadth and limb girth were measured to determine their body mass index (BMI) and body somatotypes. Physical activity level was determined using the Short Form - International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).
Results: Almost half (49.4%) of the respondents were with a mean age of 21.5 (1.5), and mean BMI of 22.1 (4.5) kg/m2. The proportion of overweight and obese respondents based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) classification was 17.2% and 6.7%, respectively. In terms of body somatotype, 57.2% and 18.3% of them were classified as endomorphic and mesomorphic somatotype groups respectively, while another 24.4% were ectomorphic. The IPAQ scoring protocol indicated that 35.0% of them achieved high physical activity levels, while 19.3% reported low physical activity levels. There were significantly more endomorphic females, whereas the males significantly dominated the mesomorphic somatotype group.
Conclusion: Respondents with mesomorphic body somatotype (relative muscularity) were categorised as obese under the BMI classification although their body weight could be due to higher skeletal/muscle mass. The somatotyping method can be used as an additional tool to the conventional BMI indicators for assessing adiposity.
Key words: Anthropometric characteristics, body somatotype, college-age adults, physical activity, young adults
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Introduction: The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the body somatotypes, anthropometric characteristics and physical activity levels of young adults.
Methods: Using a systematic sampling approach, a total of 180 students were recruited from three institutions of higher learning in the state of Kelantan. Body weight, height and other anthropometric dimensions including skinfold, bone breadth and limb girth were measured to determine their body mass index (BMI) and body somatotypes. Physical activity level was determined using the Short Form - International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).
Results: Almost half (49.4%) of the respondents were with a mean age of 21.5 (1.5), and mean BMI of 22.1 (4.5) kg/m2. The proportion of overweight and obese respondents based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) classification was 17.2% and 6.7%, respectively. In terms of body somatotype, 57.2% and 18.3% of them were classified as endomorphic and mesomorphic somatotype groups respectively, while another 24.4% were ectomorphic. The IPAQ scoring protocol indicated that 35.0% of them achieved high physical activity levels, while 19.3% reported low physical activity levels. There were significantly more endomorphic females, whereas the males significantly dominated the mesomorphic somatotype group.
Conclusion: Respondents with mesomorphic body somatotype (relative muscularity) were categorised as obese under the BMI classification although their body weight could be due to higher skeletal/muscle mass. The somatotyping method can be used as an additional tool to the conventional BMI indicators for assessing adiposity.
Key words: Anthropometric characteristics, body somatotype, college-age adults, physical activity, young adults
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Association of PEMT rs4244593 Polymorphism with Non-syndromic Cleft Lip and Palate in the Indian Population
Murthy Venkatesh Babu G & Bhaskar LVKS
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP) is a multifactorial threshold trait (MFT) involving both genetic and environmental factors. Choline, methionine and folate metabolism are interrelated in converting the homocysteine to methionine. Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) is involved in biosynthesis of choline.
Methods: We studied the PEMT rs4244593 SNP to assess its effect on NSCLP risk in the South Indian population. Blood samples of 142 cases with NSCLP and 141 controls were collected and genotyped using PCR-RFLP. Statistical analysis of the results was performed by calculating OR, and 95% CI via x2 test.
Results: Proportions of genotypes were 16.9 % AA, 64.8 % AC, 16.9 % CC in cases and 35.5 % AA, 47.5 % AC, 17.0 % CC in controls. The C allele frequency was 50.7% for cases and 40.8% for controls. An increased risk was found for co-dominant (AC vs. AA: OR =2.86, 95% CI =1.60 to 5.11, p<0.001; CC vs. AA: OR =2.26, 95% CI =1.08 to 4.72, p=0.029), dominant (AC+CC vs. AA: OR =2.70, 95% CI =1.55 to 4.72, p<0.001) and allelic models (C vs. A: OR =1.49, 95% CI =1.07 to 2.08, p=0.018).
Conclusion: Although our results indicate that the PEMT rs4244593 polymorphism is one of the important genetic determinants of NSCLP risk in South Indian subjects, in the absence of mechanistic studies, this polymorphism cannot be considered as a determinant of NSCLP risk. Additional studies with fully validated functional SNPs and larger sample sizes are needed to confirm our findings.
Key words: Choline orofacial cleft, PEMT protein, SNP
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Introduction: Non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP) is a multifactorial threshold trait (MFT) involving both genetic and environmental factors. Choline, methionine and folate metabolism are interrelated in converting the homocysteine to methionine. Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) is involved in biosynthesis of choline.
Methods: We studied the PEMT rs4244593 SNP to assess its effect on NSCLP risk in the South Indian population. Blood samples of 142 cases with NSCLP and 141 controls were collected and genotyped using PCR-RFLP. Statistical analysis of the results was performed by calculating OR, and 95% CI via x2 test.
Results: Proportions of genotypes were 16.9 % AA, 64.8 % AC, 16.9 % CC in cases and 35.5 % AA, 47.5 % AC, 17.0 % CC in controls. The C allele frequency was 50.7% for cases and 40.8% for controls. An increased risk was found for co-dominant (AC vs. AA: OR =2.86, 95% CI =1.60 to 5.11, p<0.001; CC vs. AA: OR =2.26, 95% CI =1.08 to 4.72, p=0.029), dominant (AC+CC vs. AA: OR =2.70, 95% CI =1.55 to 4.72, p<0.001) and allelic models (C vs. A: OR =1.49, 95% CI =1.07 to 2.08, p=0.018).
Conclusion: Although our results indicate that the PEMT rs4244593 polymorphism is one of the important genetic determinants of NSCLP risk in South Indian subjects, in the absence of mechanistic studies, this polymorphism cannot be considered as a determinant of NSCLP risk. Additional studies with fully validated functional SNPs and larger sample sizes are needed to confirm our findings.
Key words: Choline orofacial cleft, PEMT protein, SNP
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Doxorubicin Cytotoxicity in Combination with Soy Isoflavone Daidzein on MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells
Farjadian S, Khajoei Nejad L, Fazeli M, Askari Firouzjaei H & Zaeri S
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Combination chemotherapy regimens offer a promising approach to the prevention of recurrence, metastasis and drug resistance during breast cancer management. Combined tumor therapy using natural substances is highly suggested. Daidzein is one of the major isoflavones in soy beans with anti-tumor activity but its effect in combination with common chemotherapeutic agents is still unclear. This study was designed to investigate whether daidzein increases the antitumor activity of doxorubicin against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.
Methods: The cytotoxic activity of doxorubicin, daidzein and a combination of the two drugs was determined at different concentrations using LDH release assay. The average values of each experiment were adjusted to the values determined from untreated controls and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC.) value for each drug was calculated by CompuSyn. In vitro interaction was also calculated using different combinations of doxorubicin and daidzein. Combination indices (CI) were calculated and combination index plot was constructed using the same software.
Results: Analysis of the dose-effect curve showed that the treatment of MCF-7 cells with doxorubicin or daidzein for 24 h led to 50% cytotoxicity at 5.4 nM and 146.5 respectively.
Conclusion: The Combination index plot showed CI >1 for all combinations used in this study which indicates antagonistic interactions between daidzein and doxorubicin. This study results have implications for patients with breast cancer under treatment with doxorubicin if they are taking daidzein as a dietary supplement.
Key words: Breast cancer, daidzein, doxorubicin, MCF-7, soy isoflavone
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Introduction: Combination chemotherapy regimens offer a promising approach to the prevention of recurrence, metastasis and drug resistance during breast cancer management. Combined tumor therapy using natural substances is highly suggested. Daidzein is one of the major isoflavones in soy beans with anti-tumor activity but its effect in combination with common chemotherapeutic agents is still unclear. This study was designed to investigate whether daidzein increases the antitumor activity of doxorubicin against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.
Methods: The cytotoxic activity of doxorubicin, daidzein and a combination of the two drugs was determined at different concentrations using LDH release assay. The average values of each experiment were adjusted to the values determined from untreated controls and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC.) value for each drug was calculated by CompuSyn. In vitro interaction was also calculated using different combinations of doxorubicin and daidzein. Combination indices (CI) were calculated and combination index plot was constructed using the same software.
Results: Analysis of the dose-effect curve showed that the treatment of MCF-7 cells with doxorubicin or daidzein for 24 h led to 50% cytotoxicity at 5.4 nM and 146.5 respectively.
Conclusion: The Combination index plot showed CI >1 for all combinations used in this study which indicates antagonistic interactions between daidzein and doxorubicin. This study results have implications for patients with breast cancer under treatment with doxorubicin if they are taking daidzein as a dietary supplement.
Key words: Breast cancer, daidzein, doxorubicin, MCF-7, soy isoflavone
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Effects of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Fruit Extracts on Insulin Secretion from BRIN BD11 Cells
Faez S, Muhajir H, Amin I, & Zainah A
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Diabetes is one of the top ten causes of mortality in Malaysia. Several antidiabetic studies using palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) have been explored in recent years. The oil palm fruit itself has not been investigated and hence this study was conducted to evaluate its effects in stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic fl-cell.
Methods: The insulinotropic activity of oil palm fruit aqueous extract (OPF) on clonal pancreatic fl-cell line was investigated using BRIN BD11 cell line. The cell lines were incubated with different concentrations of OPF to evaluate the stimulatory effect of OPF toward insulin secretion from BRIN BD11 cells using the Rat Insulin ELISA Assay Kits.
Results: OPF concentrations (100-1000,ug/m1) were shown to significantly induce insulin secretion by a multiple of 1.97-2.58 in the BRIN BD11 cells. The highest insulin secretion increase (2.58-fold, p<0.001) was induced by 500 ,ug/m1 in the OPF treated group. Evaluation of the possible mechanisms involved suggested that the mechanisms of insulin secreting activity of the 500 ,ug/m1 OPF extract may involve the IC,m, channel-dependent pathway which exerts an insulin secretion effect through depolarising the membrane of pancreatic fl-cells.
Conclusion: The present study has revealed the presence of insulinotropic activity in Elaeis guineensis fruit. Future work assessing its use as a source of active components is recommended.
Key words: Elaeis guineensis, hypoglycaemic, insulin, insulinotropic, oil palm fruit extract
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Introduction: Diabetes is one of the top ten causes of mortality in Malaysia. Several antidiabetic studies using palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) have been explored in recent years. The oil palm fruit itself has not been investigated and hence this study was conducted to evaluate its effects in stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic fl-cell.
Methods: The insulinotropic activity of oil palm fruit aqueous extract (OPF) on clonal pancreatic fl-cell line was investigated using BRIN BD11 cell line. The cell lines were incubated with different concentrations of OPF to evaluate the stimulatory effect of OPF toward insulin secretion from BRIN BD11 cells using the Rat Insulin ELISA Assay Kits.
Results: OPF concentrations (100-1000,ug/m1) were shown to significantly induce insulin secretion by a multiple of 1.97-2.58 in the BRIN BD11 cells. The highest insulin secretion increase (2.58-fold, p<0.001) was induced by 500 ,ug/m1 in the OPF treated group. Evaluation of the possible mechanisms involved suggested that the mechanisms of insulin secreting activity of the 500 ,ug/m1 OPF extract may involve the IC,m, channel-dependent pathway which exerts an insulin secretion effect through depolarising the membrane of pancreatic fl-cells.
Conclusion: The present study has revealed the presence of insulinotropic activity in Elaeis guineensis fruit. Future work assessing its use as a source of active components is recommended.
Key words: Elaeis guineensis, hypoglycaemic, insulin, insulinotropic, oil palm fruit extract
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Possible Hypoglycemic Attributes of Morus indica 1. and Costus speciosus: An in vitro Study
Devi VD & Asna U
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Medicinal plants have been reported to play an important role in modulating glycemic responses; they are also known to have preventive and therapeutic implications in disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. This study reports the possible hypoglycemic effects of Morus indica (Mulberry) and Costus speciosus (Insulin plant) in an in vitro system.
Methods: Glucose adsorption, diffusion and starch hydrolysis of Mulberry leaf powder (MLP) and Insulin plant powder (IPP) were studied using in vitro techniques that simulated gastrointestinal conditions and compared with commercial dietary fibre sources such as wheat bran (WB), acarbose (ACB) and guar gum (GG) at three different levels (2, 4, and 6 %).
Results: The glucose binding capacity of both Morus indica.L (MLP) and Costus speciosus (IPP)increased with increased levels and was significantly high compared to wheat bran and acarbose. At higher levels (4 and 6 %), the diffusion rate of glucose was lower compared to wheat bran, acarbose and guar gum. The a-amylase inhibitory effect was significantly high in MLP (51%) and IPP (18%) compared to WB (8%). The effect of samples on glucose diffusion was also studied in a system comprising of starch-a-amylase sample. The glucose diffusion rate was significantly low in the systems where MLP (6%) and IPP (6%) were used compared to the positive control and to commercial sources of fibre (ACB and GG).
Conclusion: The data reveals that the samples may lower the rate of glucose absorption and as a result, decrease postprandial hyperglycemia by these mechanisms.
Key words: a-amylase inhibition, diffusion, Costus speciosus, glucose adsorption, in vitro hypoglycemic effect, Morus indica. L
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Introduction: Medicinal plants have been reported to play an important role in modulating glycemic responses; they are also known to have preventive and therapeutic implications in disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. This study reports the possible hypoglycemic effects of Morus indica (Mulberry) and Costus speciosus (Insulin plant) in an in vitro system.
Methods: Glucose adsorption, diffusion and starch hydrolysis of Mulberry leaf powder (MLP) and Insulin plant powder (IPP) were studied using in vitro techniques that simulated gastrointestinal conditions and compared with commercial dietary fibre sources such as wheat bran (WB), acarbose (ACB) and guar gum (GG) at three different levels (2, 4, and 6 %).
Results: The glucose binding capacity of both Morus indica.L (MLP) and Costus speciosus (IPP)increased with increased levels and was significantly high compared to wheat bran and acarbose. At higher levels (4 and 6 %), the diffusion rate of glucose was lower compared to wheat bran, acarbose and guar gum. The a-amylase inhibitory effect was significantly high in MLP (51%) and IPP (18%) compared to WB (8%). The effect of samples on glucose diffusion was also studied in a system comprising of starch-a-amylase sample. The glucose diffusion rate was significantly low in the systems where MLP (6%) and IPP (6%) were used compared to the positive control and to commercial sources of fibre (ACB and GG).
Conclusion: The data reveals that the samples may lower the rate of glucose absorption and as a result, decrease postprandial hyperglycemia by these mechanisms.
Key words: a-amylase inhibition, diffusion, Costus speciosus, glucose adsorption, in vitro hypoglycemic effect, Morus indica. L
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Nutritional and Antioxidant Properties of Dehydrated Whole Lime (Citrus latifolia) and Shallot (Ailium cepa var. aggregatum), Two Popular Ingredients Used in Iran
Adelpilerood S & Prakash J
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Two flavouring ingredients largely used in Iran, namely, dehydrated whole lime (Citrus latifolia) and shallot (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) powders were analysed for nutritional composition and antioxidant properties.
Methods: The dehydrated spice powders were analysed for nutritional composition using standard AOAC techniques. Antioxidant components and activity were determined in aqueous and solvent extracts. Reducing power, free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant activity were used for antioxidant assays.
Results: Nutritional composition of lime and shallot were found to have the following values per 100g of dry sample respectively: protein: 5.36g & 7.81g; fat: 4.32g & 0.41g; vitamin C: 88.19mg & 13.06mg; carotenoids: 77.20mg & 68.17mg and calcium:- 569mg & 75.22mg. Both samples had a very high content of soluble dietary fibre (33.97-42.53%) while lime showed a higher insoluble fibre content (30.27%). Both shallot and lime extracts showed higher antioxidant components in 100°C water extract than all other extracts. Total antioxidant activity in water extract of shallot ranged from 648,525 - 772,059 jimol/g. Comparative values for whole lime were 88,225 - 90,588 Solvent extracts had lesser total antioxidant activity. Whole lime exhibited high antioxidant activity with reducing power and free radical scavenging activity in comparison to shallot, which was much lower and did not exhibit any activity in methanolic and ethanolic extracts. The antioxidant components showed high correlation with water extracts for both spices.
Conclusion: Both shallot and lime were found to have essential nutrients and exhibited antioxidant potential as evidenced by different assays.
Key words: Antioxidant components, free radical scavenging activity, nutrients, reducing power, total antioxidant activity
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Introduction: Two flavouring ingredients largely used in Iran, namely, dehydrated whole lime (Citrus latifolia) and shallot (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) powders were analysed for nutritional composition and antioxidant properties.
Methods: The dehydrated spice powders were analysed for nutritional composition using standard AOAC techniques. Antioxidant components and activity were determined in aqueous and solvent extracts. Reducing power, free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant activity were used for antioxidant assays.
Results: Nutritional composition of lime and shallot were found to have the following values per 100g of dry sample respectively: protein: 5.36g & 7.81g; fat: 4.32g & 0.41g; vitamin C: 88.19mg & 13.06mg; carotenoids: 77.20mg & 68.17mg and calcium:- 569mg & 75.22mg. Both samples had a very high content of soluble dietary fibre (33.97-42.53%) while lime showed a higher insoluble fibre content (30.27%). Both shallot and lime extracts showed higher antioxidant components in 100°C water extract than all other extracts. Total antioxidant activity in water extract of shallot ranged from 648,525 - 772,059 jimol/g. Comparative values for whole lime were 88,225 - 90,588 Solvent extracts had lesser total antioxidant activity. Whole lime exhibited high antioxidant activity with reducing power and free radical scavenging activity in comparison to shallot, which was much lower and did not exhibit any activity in methanolic and ethanolic extracts. The antioxidant components showed high correlation with water extracts for both spices.
Conclusion: Both shallot and lime were found to have essential nutrients and exhibited antioxidant potential as evidenced by different assays.
Key words: Antioxidant components, free radical scavenging activity, nutrients, reducing power, total antioxidant activity
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Spectrum of Feeding Problems and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Scoping Review
Noor Safiza MN & Le Couteur A
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Managing feeding problems and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is a challenging process for professionals and parents especially if they become persistent and longstanding. The aim of the study was to assess the evidence on feeding problems and GI symptoms among primary school children with ASD.
Methods: A scoping review using electronic journal databases, published reports and other types of publication in the last 10 years was conducted. Key terms were defined in the searches and a scoping review framework was used to chart the evidence on feeding problems and GI symptoms in children with ASD. Eighty three articles met the inclusion criteria and 50 articles were used in the review.
Results: There is emerging literature reporting consistently on a wide spectrum of feeding problems and GI symptoms among children with ASD. In addition, there is little published literature reporting or investigating the impact of these problems in children with ASD which include financial, social and stress impact on parents, children and their families. This review indicates that many school-aged children with ASD can experience several types of feeding problems and GI symptoms.
Conclusion: It is important for professionals working in the community or public health, and educational settings to be able to identify these issues at an early stage, so that professionals could support parents with appropriate information and advice. A specific tool is needed to assess feeding problems and GI symptoms in children with ASD.
Key words: Autism Spectrum Disorders, feeding problems, gastrointestinal symptoms
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Introduction: Managing feeding problems and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is a challenging process for professionals and parents especially if they become persistent and longstanding. The aim of the study was to assess the evidence on feeding problems and GI symptoms among primary school children with ASD.
Methods: A scoping review using electronic journal databases, published reports and other types of publication in the last 10 years was conducted. Key terms were defined in the searches and a scoping review framework was used to chart the evidence on feeding problems and GI symptoms in children with ASD. Eighty three articles met the inclusion criteria and 50 articles were used in the review.
Results: There is emerging literature reporting consistently on a wide spectrum of feeding problems and GI symptoms among children with ASD. In addition, there is little published literature reporting or investigating the impact of these problems in children with ASD which include financial, social and stress impact on parents, children and their families. This review indicates that many school-aged children with ASD can experience several types of feeding problems and GI symptoms.
Conclusion: It is important for professionals working in the community or public health, and educational settings to be able to identify these issues at an early stage, so that professionals could support parents with appropriate information and advice. A specific tool is needed to assess feeding problems and GI symptoms in children with ASD.
Key words: Autism Spectrum Disorders, feeding problems, gastrointestinal symptoms
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Food Quality Aspects of Fresh Green Salads in Selected Retail Stores in Los Banos, Laguna, The Philippines
Barrion ASA, Hurtada WA & Yee MG
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Consumption of minimally processed vegetables has gained popularity due to consumer emphasis on convenience and healthy eating. However, much handling during processing poses health risks to the consumers. This study was aimed at determining the proximate composition and microbiological quality of minimally processed packed fresh green salads sold in seven different retail stores in Barangay Batong Malake, Los Banos, Laguna.
Methods: Proximate composition, microbiological quality and presence of filth in the sampled salads were analysed using standard AOAC, BAM and floatation methods, respectively.
Results: The proximate composition of the samples in percentage consisted of carbohydrates (3.07- 14.26), protein (0.95-11.79), fat (0.03-3.64), fibre(0.64-1.13) and moisture (73.27-92.77). Microbial analysis showed a mean total plate count of 2.4 x 107and a broad range of 2.7 x 104 - 6.6 x 107 CFU/g. Most probable numbers (MPN) of >11,000/g coliforms were found in four samples and Escherichia coli bacteria were detected in five samples but none of the E.coli count exceeded 9.2 MPN/g. Both insect fragments and textile fibre were detected in two samples. Based on the specifications by the Food and Drug Administrations of the Philippines, the levels of contamination found could lead to imminent spoilage andpose a potential health hazard.
Conclusion: Although green salads contain fibre and low calories which are nutritionally important, the present findings in a Filipino location accentuates the need for more stringent enforcement of food safety measures to protect the consumers from possible occurrence of food poisoning.
Key words: Fresh green salads, microbiological load, proximate composition
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Introduction: Consumption of minimally processed vegetables has gained popularity due to consumer emphasis on convenience and healthy eating. However, much handling during processing poses health risks to the consumers. This study was aimed at determining the proximate composition and microbiological quality of minimally processed packed fresh green salads sold in seven different retail stores in Barangay Batong Malake, Los Banos, Laguna.
Methods: Proximate composition, microbiological quality and presence of filth in the sampled salads were analysed using standard AOAC, BAM and floatation methods, respectively.
Results: The proximate composition of the samples in percentage consisted of carbohydrates (3.07- 14.26), protein (0.95-11.79), fat (0.03-3.64), fibre(0.64-1.13) and moisture (73.27-92.77). Microbial analysis showed a mean total plate count of 2.4 x 107and a broad range of 2.7 x 104 - 6.6 x 107 CFU/g. Most probable numbers (MPN) of >11,000/g coliforms were found in four samples and Escherichia coli bacteria were detected in five samples but none of the E.coli count exceeded 9.2 MPN/g. Both insect fragments and textile fibre were detected in two samples. Based on the specifications by the Food and Drug Administrations of the Philippines, the levels of contamination found could lead to imminent spoilage andpose a potential health hazard.
Conclusion: Although green salads contain fibre and low calories which are nutritionally important, the present findings in a Filipino location accentuates the need for more stringent enforcement of food safety measures to protect the consumers from possible occurrence of food poisoning.
Key words: Fresh green salads, microbiological load, proximate composition
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Malaysian Journal of Nutrition
Volume 21 No.2, 2015
Table of Content
Proceedings of the ILSI SEA Region 4th Expert Consultation and Planning Meeting on Maternal, Infant and Young Child Nutrition: Nutrition of Pregnant Adolescents in Southeast Asia
Amarra MSV, Chan PM, Muslimatun S, Suthutvoravut U & Barba CVC
ABSTRACT
Introduction: In August 2014, the ILSI SEAR Infant and Early Childhood Nutrition Task Force held the 4th Expert Consultation and Planning Meeting on Maternal, Infant, and Young Child Nutrition (MJYCN) in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Methods: The consultation focused on the nutrition and health situation of pregnant adoles-cents. The objectives were therefore to: (1) discuss the current nutrition and health situation of pregnant and non-pregnant adolescent girls in six Southeast Asian countries (Brunei, Indonesia, Laos, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam); (2) generate recommendations for teenage pregnancies in the region; and (3) identify regional issues, knowledge gaps and research priorities in order to improve ado¬lescent health in Southeast Asia.
Results: There is very little information on the health and nutrition status of pregnant and non-pregnant adolescent girls (aged 10 to 19 years old) in Southeast Asia. In most countries, teenage pregnancy rates are higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Anaemia has been shown to be prevalent among reproductive aged females (15 to 49 years old). Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam have high levels of underweight adolescent girls. An increasing prevalence of overweight adolescent girls has been found in Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam.
Conclusion: There is a need for increased knowledge and understanding with regard to the health and nutrition status of female adolescents in the region (including micronutrient status and requirements), and factors that predispose girls to early pregnancy. Two types of program packages should be developed - one for adolescent girls who are not pregnant (aimed at promoting health and preventing early pregnancy) and another for those who are pregnant, including post-natal parenting support.
Key words: Adolescent, nutrition, pregnancy, Southeast Asia, teenage
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Introduction: In August 2014, the ILSI SEAR Infant and Early Childhood Nutrition Task Force held the 4th Expert Consultation and Planning Meeting on Maternal, Infant, and Young Child Nutrition (MJYCN) in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Methods: The consultation focused on the nutrition and health situation of pregnant adoles-cents. The objectives were therefore to: (1) discuss the current nutrition and health situation of pregnant and non-pregnant adolescent girls in six Southeast Asian countries (Brunei, Indonesia, Laos, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam); (2) generate recommendations for teenage pregnancies in the region; and (3) identify regional issues, knowledge gaps and research priorities in order to improve ado¬lescent health in Southeast Asia.
Results: There is very little information on the health and nutrition status of pregnant and non-pregnant adolescent girls (aged 10 to 19 years old) in Southeast Asia. In most countries, teenage pregnancy rates are higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Anaemia has been shown to be prevalent among reproductive aged females (15 to 49 years old). Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam have high levels of underweight adolescent girls. An increasing prevalence of overweight adolescent girls has been found in Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam.
Conclusion: There is a need for increased knowledge and understanding with regard to the health and nutrition status of female adolescents in the region (including micronutrient status and requirements), and factors that predispose girls to early pregnancy. Two types of program packages should be developed - one for adolescent girls who are not pregnant (aimed at promoting health and preventing early pregnancy) and another for those who are pregnant, including post-natal parenting support.
Key words: Adolescent, nutrition, pregnancy, Southeast Asia, teenage
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Studying the Family Diet: An Investigation into Association Between Diet, Lifestyle and Weight Status in Malaysian Families
Yang WY, Burrows T, MacDonald-Wicks L, Williams LT, Collins CE & Chee WSS
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The contribution of the family environment to childhood obesity in Malaysia is not well known. This paper describes the study, methodology and results of a pilot study to assess the feasibility of conducting a study on diet and lifestyle factors among Malay primary school children and their main caregiver(s) in regard to body weight status.
Methods: The Family Diet Study used a cross- sectional design and targeted a minimum of 200 Malay families at fi ve national primary schools in the Klang Valley, Malaysia using a multi-stage sampling method. Participants were Malay families with children aged 8 to 12 years and their main caregiver(s). Data on socio-demographic, dietary intake, parental child feeding practices, physical activity and anthropometric measures were collected predominantly at schools with follow-up 24-h dietary recalls collected by phone. Details of recruitment, inclusion criteria, assessments and statistical analyses are also discussed.
Results: Eleven families provided data by answering questionnaires, recalling diet intake and participating in anthropometric measures. The results showed overall feasibility of the study protocol but required some modi fi cations prior to implementation of the main study. Mothers were the main parent involved in family food procurement, preparation and mealtime supervision. Snacking was not commonly reported and fruit and vegetables intakes were generally infrequent.
Conclusion: The most novel component of this study was the comprehensive collection of data from both children and their main caregiver(s) within the context of the family. Detailed information on dietary and lifestyle aspects will help to elucidate factors associated with obesity aetiology in Malay children.
Key words: Body weight status, child, diet, family, lifestyle
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Introduction: The contribution of the family environment to childhood obesity in Malaysia is not well known. This paper describes the study, methodology and results of a pilot study to assess the feasibility of conducting a study on diet and lifestyle factors among Malay primary school children and their main caregiver(s) in regard to body weight status.
Methods: The Family Diet Study used a cross- sectional design and targeted a minimum of 200 Malay families at fi ve national primary schools in the Klang Valley, Malaysia using a multi-stage sampling method. Participants were Malay families with children aged 8 to 12 years and their main caregiver(s). Data on socio-demographic, dietary intake, parental child feeding practices, physical activity and anthropometric measures were collected predominantly at schools with follow-up 24-h dietary recalls collected by phone. Details of recruitment, inclusion criteria, assessments and statistical analyses are also discussed.
Results: Eleven families provided data by answering questionnaires, recalling diet intake and participating in anthropometric measures. The results showed overall feasibility of the study protocol but required some modi fi cations prior to implementation of the main study. Mothers were the main parent involved in family food procurement, preparation and mealtime supervision. Snacking was not commonly reported and fruit and vegetables intakes were generally infrequent.
Conclusion: The most novel component of this study was the comprehensive collection of data from both children and their main caregiver(s) within the context of the family. Detailed information on dietary and lifestyle aspects will help to elucidate factors associated with obesity aetiology in Malay children.
Key words: Body weight status, child, diet, family, lifestyle
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Helminth Infection and Iron Status of Pregnant Women in Two Geo-Climatic Areas in Indonesia
Rahmawati W, Muslimatun S, Wijaya-Erhardt M, Erhardt JG & Kurniawan A
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Helminthiasis is known to contribute to iron deficiency (ID). The aim of this study was to identify the associations between helminth infection and iron status among pregnant women in two different geo-climatic areas in Indonesia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women in two districts, stratified by wet-lowland (n=135) and wet-highland (n=120) areas. Data on general characteristics, helminth infection, and iron status were obtained. Helminth infection was determined using the Kato-Katz and Harada Mori technique. Iron status was measured using simple-sandwich ELISA techniques for plasma ferritin (PF) and transferrin receptor (TfR), while haemoglobin (Hb) values were determined by the haematology analyser, and the TfR/PF ratio for body iron stores (BLS) was calculated.
Results: Prevalence of hookworm infestation was significantly higher (30% vs. 17.8%)while T. trichiura was significantly lower (0.8% vs. 11.9%) in wet-highland compared to wet-lowland areas. The overall iron status was relatively good and not significantly different between the two areas: 17.3% anaemia (Hb<110 g/L), 6.9% depleted iron store (PF<15 pg/L), 2.4% tissue ID (TfR>8.5 mg/L), 3.3% had BIS<0 mg/kg body weight, and 2.3% anaemia with ID. Prevalence of tissue ID and negative body iron store (BIS) was significantly higher among helminth infected women than in the non-infected women (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Differences in helminthiasis profiles, but not in the iron status of the pregnant women, were found in the two geo-climatic areas studied. Prevalence of helminth infection especially hookworm was high, and significantly higher in wet-highland area. Hookworm infection was weakly correlated with TfR concentration and BIS. There is a need for parasitic control in the form of health education to be in place.
Key words: Geo-climatic areas, helminthiasis, Indonesia, iron status, pregnant women
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Introduction: Helminthiasis is known to contribute to iron deficiency (ID). The aim of this study was to identify the associations between helminth infection and iron status among pregnant women in two different geo-climatic areas in Indonesia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women in two districts, stratified by wet-lowland (n=135) and wet-highland (n=120) areas. Data on general characteristics, helminth infection, and iron status were obtained. Helminth infection was determined using the Kato-Katz and Harada Mori technique. Iron status was measured using simple-sandwich ELISA techniques for plasma ferritin (PF) and transferrin receptor (TfR), while haemoglobin (Hb) values were determined by the haematology analyser, and the TfR/PF ratio for body iron stores (BLS) was calculated.
Results: Prevalence of hookworm infestation was significantly higher (30% vs. 17.8%)while T. trichiura was significantly lower (0.8% vs. 11.9%) in wet-highland compared to wet-lowland areas. The overall iron status was relatively good and not significantly different between the two areas: 17.3% anaemia (Hb<110 g/L), 6.9% depleted iron store (PF<15 pg/L), 2.4% tissue ID (TfR>8.5 mg/L), 3.3% had BIS<0 mg/kg body weight, and 2.3% anaemia with ID. Prevalence of tissue ID and negative body iron store (BIS) was significantly higher among helminth infected women than in the non-infected women (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Differences in helminthiasis profiles, but not in the iron status of the pregnant women, were found in the two geo-climatic areas studied. Prevalence of helminth infection especially hookworm was high, and significantly higher in wet-highland area. Hookworm infection was weakly correlated with TfR concentration and BIS. There is a need for parasitic control in the form of health education to be in place.
Key words: Geo-climatic areas, helminthiasis, Indonesia, iron status, pregnant women
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Regional and Seasonal Variations of Food Consumption in Cambodia
In S, Lambre C, Camel V & Ouldelhkim M
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This study aimed to assess the regional and seasonal variations of food consumption in Cambodia.
Methods: A cross-sectional food consumption survey was conducted in four different regions in Cambodia involving purposive sampling of 441 and 500 adult subjects aged 25-65 years, respectively. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour recall and a food frequency questionnaire.
Results: The Cambodian diet typically consists of rice, fish, meat, fruits and vegetables. All subjects consumed rice at least twice a day. Mean daily consumption of cooked rice was 823 g/person, with the men consuming 1022 g/day compared to 712 g/ day for women. In the wet season all subjects consumed 881 g/ day compared to 772 g/ day in the dry season. The mean consumption of vegetables (250 g/day) and fruits (145 g/ day) approximately reached international recommendations (400 g/ day). The highest meat consumption and the lowest fish consumption rates were found in the capital region. The difference in fish and egg consumption between men and women was statistically significant. The Cambodian diet is still not sufficient in milk. The average consumption of alcohol was about 25 g/day.
Conclusion: High consumption of rice observed in this study confirms that rice is a staple food in Cambodia as in the other Asian countries. Relatively high meat consumption in the capital could be related to income growth and could indicate the beginning of a nutritional transition from the traditional dietary pattern. Overall, the dietary habits of the Cambodian population have not changed (yet) to adapt to the western style diet.
Key words: Cambodia, food consumption, regional and seasonal variations
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Introduction: This study aimed to assess the regional and seasonal variations of food consumption in Cambodia.
Methods: A cross-sectional food consumption survey was conducted in four different regions in Cambodia involving purposive sampling of 441 and 500 adult subjects aged 25-65 years, respectively. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour recall and a food frequency questionnaire.
Results: The Cambodian diet typically consists of rice, fish, meat, fruits and vegetables. All subjects consumed rice at least twice a day. Mean daily consumption of cooked rice was 823 g/person, with the men consuming 1022 g/day compared to 712 g/ day for women. In the wet season all subjects consumed 881 g/ day compared to 772 g/ day in the dry season. The mean consumption of vegetables (250 g/day) and fruits (145 g/ day) approximately reached international recommendations (400 g/ day). The highest meat consumption and the lowest fish consumption rates were found in the capital region. The difference in fish and egg consumption between men and women was statistically significant. The Cambodian diet is still not sufficient in milk. The average consumption of alcohol was about 25 g/day.
Conclusion: High consumption of rice observed in this study confirms that rice is a staple food in Cambodia as in the other Asian countries. Relatively high meat consumption in the capital could be related to income growth and could indicate the beginning of a nutritional transition from the traditional dietary pattern. Overall, the dietary habits of the Cambodian population have not changed (yet) to adapt to the western style diet.
Key words: Cambodia, food consumption, regional and seasonal variations
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Development and Validation of a Food Frequency Question¬naire for Vitamin D intake among Urban Pregnant Women in Malaysia
Zaleha MI, Khadijah S, Noriklil Bukhary IB, Khor GL, Zaleha AM, Haslinda H, Noor Sharifatul Hana Y & Hasanain Faisal G
ABSTRACT
Introduction: A culturally valid tool is lacking in order to assess vitamin D intake among Malaysians. This study aimed to develop and determine the validity and reliability of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for assessment of vitamin D intake among pregnant women living in urban areas of Malaysia.
Methods: A total of 79 volunteer mothers (aged 18 to 40 years) in their fi rst trimester of pregnancy participated in this study voluntarily. They completed both the 3-day 24-hour dietary recalls (3DR) and semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires (FFQ1). The FFQ1 was validated against vitamin D intake calculated from the 3DR. After one week, 41 (51.89%) subjects completed the same FFQ1 (now called FFQ2) for reliability assessment.
Results: The median vitamin D intake from 3DR was 117.6 IU/day with an interquartile range (IQR) of 54.8 to 193.7 IU/ day. The median and IQR values from FFQ1 were 147.7 and 103.7 to 233.9 IU/ day, respectively. The Spearman correlation coef fi cient was strong and positive, r=0.810 (p=0.01); cross-classi fi cation analyses revealed no misclassi fi cation and the Bland-Altman plot showed good agreement between the two dietary methods. The intra-class correlation (ICC) for reliability of vitamin D intake was 0.98; the cross-classi fi cation analysis showed 95.12% and was classi fi ed into the same quartile which supported a consistent habitual eating pattern.
Conclusion: The new FFQ developed to assess vitamin D intake showed high correlation and high agreement with the majority of the sample population classi fi ed into the same quartile. It is concluded that the new FFQ is a valid and reliable screening tool for vitamin D intake for pregnant women in the urban areas of Malaysia.
Key words: FFQ, Malaysia, pregnant women, reliability, validation, Vitamin D
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Introduction: A culturally valid tool is lacking in order to assess vitamin D intake among Malaysians. This study aimed to develop and determine the validity and reliability of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for assessment of vitamin D intake among pregnant women living in urban areas of Malaysia.
Methods: A total of 79 volunteer mothers (aged 18 to 40 years) in their fi rst trimester of pregnancy participated in this study voluntarily. They completed both the 3-day 24-hour dietary recalls (3DR) and semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires (FFQ1). The FFQ1 was validated against vitamin D intake calculated from the 3DR. After one week, 41 (51.89%) subjects completed the same FFQ1 (now called FFQ2) for reliability assessment.
Results: The median vitamin D intake from 3DR was 117.6 IU/day with an interquartile range (IQR) of 54.8 to 193.7 IU/ day. The median and IQR values from FFQ1 were 147.7 and 103.7 to 233.9 IU/ day, respectively. The Spearman correlation coef fi cient was strong and positive, r=0.810 (p=0.01); cross-classi fi cation analyses revealed no misclassi fi cation and the Bland-Altman plot showed good agreement between the two dietary methods. The intra-class correlation (ICC) for reliability of vitamin D intake was 0.98; the cross-classi fi cation analysis showed 95.12% and was classi fi ed into the same quartile which supported a consistent habitual eating pattern.
Conclusion: The new FFQ developed to assess vitamin D intake showed high correlation and high agreement with the majority of the sample population classi fi ed into the same quartile. It is concluded that the new FFQ is a valid and reliable screening tool for vitamin D intake for pregnant women in the urban areas of Malaysia.
Key words: FFQ, Malaysia, pregnant women, reliability, validation, Vitamin D
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Trends in Body Mass Index and its Determinants among Ever-married Non-pregnant Women in Bangladesh
Khan MN, Mondal MNI, Islam MR, Al-Mamun MA & Shitan M
ABSTRACT
Introduction: There is increasing prevalence of overweight ever-married non¬pregnant women while underweight women of the same category remain common. Thus, this study aimed to identify body mass index (BMI) trends as well as the determinants of nutritional status across urban and rural areas and Bangladesh as a whole over the survey years of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2007 and 2011.
Methods: The nationally representative samples of 9,241 and 14,975 ever-married non-pregnant women 15 to 49 years old were extracted from the BDHS 2007 and 2011, respectively. BMI was used as a proxy to measure nutritional status. Binary logistic regression models were fitted separately for urban and rural areas and Bangladesh as a whole to identify the changes in determinants.
Results: The prevalence of underweight women decreased 5.3% while the prevalence for overweight women increased 3.1% between the survey years of BDHS 2007 and 2011. Women in rural areas were found more likely to be underweight while the percentage of women with normal nutritional status was found to increase in the urban areas. Respondents' age, education, marital status, children ever born, wealth index, age at first birth, husbands' occupation and husbands' education were identified as the most important determinants of nutritional status in both the survey years.
Conclusion: The burden of underweight, and overweight to obese women in Bangladesh is strongly related to an individual's demographic and socio-economic position. These findings underscore the need for public health efforts aimed at combating underweight among women.
Key words: Body mass index, Demographic and Health Survey, ever-married non-pregnant women, nutritional status
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Introduction: There is increasing prevalence of overweight ever-married non¬pregnant women while underweight women of the same category remain common. Thus, this study aimed to identify body mass index (BMI) trends as well as the determinants of nutritional status across urban and rural areas and Bangladesh as a whole over the survey years of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2007 and 2011.
Methods: The nationally representative samples of 9,241 and 14,975 ever-married non-pregnant women 15 to 49 years old were extracted from the BDHS 2007 and 2011, respectively. BMI was used as a proxy to measure nutritional status. Binary logistic regression models were fitted separately for urban and rural areas and Bangladesh as a whole to identify the changes in determinants.
Results: The prevalence of underweight women decreased 5.3% while the prevalence for overweight women increased 3.1% between the survey years of BDHS 2007 and 2011. Women in rural areas were found more likely to be underweight while the percentage of women with normal nutritional status was found to increase in the urban areas. Respondents' age, education, marital status, children ever born, wealth index, age at first birth, husbands' occupation and husbands' education were identified as the most important determinants of nutritional status in both the survey years.
Conclusion: The burden of underweight, and overweight to obese women in Bangladesh is strongly related to an individual's demographic and socio-economic position. These findings underscore the need for public health efforts aimed at combating underweight among women.
Key words: Body mass index, Demographic and Health Survey, ever-married non-pregnant women, nutritional status
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Oral Hygiene Care and Nutritional Status among Institutionalised Elderly in Kedah and Kelantan, Malaysia
Enny E, Abdul M, Ruhaya H & Md. Zulkarnain S
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Unsatisfactory oral hygiene care can lead to poor nutritional status among the elderly. This study assessed the oral hygiene and nutritional status of the elderly living in institutional homes.
Methods: A cross-sectional study of 174 respondents from public institutional homes in the Malaysian states of Kedah and Kelantan was conducted. A structured interview consisting of the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF) and Dietary History Questionnaire (DHQ) was conducted to obtain information on the nutritional status and the dietary intake of the participants. Anthropometric measurements including body weight, height and calf circumference were taken. Oral hygiene assessments were conducted using the Sillnes & Loe index (1964) and the Ausburger & Elahi criteria (1982). Multivariate linear analysis was performed to explore the association and predictive values of explanatory variables.
Results: The mean age of the respondents was 71.4 ± 7.6 years. The MNA-SF scores showed that 25.9% suffered from malnutrition whilst 39.1% were at risk of malnutrition. Poor oral hygiene was reported with a mean score of 2.72 ± 0.34 for dental plaque, and 2.82 ± 0.57 for denture plaque. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that energy intake was the most significant predictor contributing to the nutritional status of the elderly, after controlling for monthly income, self-health assessment and denture plaque score.
Conclusion: Poor oral hygiene was evident amongst elderly residents, but no significant association with nutritional status was reported. Further studies on the effects of oral infection and oral hygiene care on the elderly's ability to taste and smell, as well as their nutritional status is recommended.
Key words: Elderly, nutritional status, oral hygiene
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Introduction: Unsatisfactory oral hygiene care can lead to poor nutritional status among the elderly. This study assessed the oral hygiene and nutritional status of the elderly living in institutional homes.
Methods: A cross-sectional study of 174 respondents from public institutional homes in the Malaysian states of Kedah and Kelantan was conducted. A structured interview consisting of the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF) and Dietary History Questionnaire (DHQ) was conducted to obtain information on the nutritional status and the dietary intake of the participants. Anthropometric measurements including body weight, height and calf circumference were taken. Oral hygiene assessments were conducted using the Sillnes & Loe index (1964) and the Ausburger & Elahi criteria (1982). Multivariate linear analysis was performed to explore the association and predictive values of explanatory variables.
Results: The mean age of the respondents was 71.4 ± 7.6 years. The MNA-SF scores showed that 25.9% suffered from malnutrition whilst 39.1% were at risk of malnutrition. Poor oral hygiene was reported with a mean score of 2.72 ± 0.34 for dental plaque, and 2.82 ± 0.57 for denture plaque. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that energy intake was the most significant predictor contributing to the nutritional status of the elderly, after controlling for monthly income, self-health assessment and denture plaque score.
Conclusion: Poor oral hygiene was evident amongst elderly residents, but no significant association with nutritional status was reported. Further studies on the effects of oral infection and oral hygiene care on the elderly's ability to taste and smell, as well as their nutritional status is recommended.
Key words: Elderly, nutritional status, oral hygiene
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Effect of Inulin Supplemented UHT Milk Consumption on Faecal Bifidobacterium sp. and Lactobacillus sp. of Healthy Children in Depok, Indonesia
Syafiq A, Sauriasari R, Fikawati S, Amelia P, Soemijati A, Christy Mi & Saragih F
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This study investigated the effect of inulin-supplemented ultra¬high temperature (UHT) milk consumption on the number of Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp. in the faeces of healthy Indonesian children.
Methods: This study used a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled pre-post designed clinical trial of 153 healthy participants (4-12 years old children) who received UHT milk supplemented by 1 mg (n = 50), or 1.5 mg of inulin (n = 48), or placebo (n = 55). They received two servings per day over a course of 21 days with a 3-day wash-out period. Children assisted by parents were asked to complete a three-day food record prior to the course and to fill-in a FAQ over the 21-day period of this study. The faecal samples of the subjects were grown on calcium carbonate-MRS agar medium. The colonies which showed a clear zone were isolated and tested for Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp. using catalase test, Gram staining, and RapIDTM ANA II.
Results: No significant difference was found on colony counts before treatment (p = 0.986) and on inulin dosage given to all three groups (p = 0.453). Post-treatment, showed significant difference in colony counts between treatment groups (p=0.046 for 2 g/ day group and p=0.049 for 3 g/ day group) and placebo, but no significant difference was found between the two treatment groups.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that inulin-supplemented UHT milk could help increase the amount of faecal Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp. regardless of the dosage. There was no difference in the amount of faecal Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp between the two dosage regimes (2 g and 3 g inulin per day).
Key words: Bifidobacterium sp., Inulin, Lactobacillus sp., school children, UHT milk
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Introduction: This study investigated the effect of inulin-supplemented ultra¬high temperature (UHT) milk consumption on the number of Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp. in the faeces of healthy Indonesian children.
Methods: This study used a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled pre-post designed clinical trial of 153 healthy participants (4-12 years old children) who received UHT milk supplemented by 1 mg (n = 50), or 1.5 mg of inulin (n = 48), or placebo (n = 55). They received two servings per day over a course of 21 days with a 3-day wash-out period. Children assisted by parents were asked to complete a three-day food record prior to the course and to fill-in a FAQ over the 21-day period of this study. The faecal samples of the subjects were grown on calcium carbonate-MRS agar medium. The colonies which showed a clear zone were isolated and tested for Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp. using catalase test, Gram staining, and RapIDTM ANA II.
Results: No significant difference was found on colony counts before treatment (p = 0.986) and on inulin dosage given to all three groups (p = 0.453). Post-treatment, showed significant difference in colony counts between treatment groups (p=0.046 for 2 g/ day group and p=0.049 for 3 g/ day group) and placebo, but no significant difference was found between the two treatment groups.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that inulin-supplemented UHT milk could help increase the amount of faecal Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp. regardless of the dosage. There was no difference in the amount of faecal Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp between the two dosage regimes (2 g and 3 g inulin per day).
Key words: Bifidobacterium sp., Inulin, Lactobacillus sp., school children, UHT milk
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Potential of Mixed Tocotrienol Supplementation to Reduce Cholesterol and Cytokines Level in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome
Heng KS, Hejar AR , Johnson Stanslas J, Ooi CP & Loh SP
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is associated with low-grade, chronic inflammation. Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of tocotrienols supplementation on cytokines and lipid profile in adults with metabolic syndrome.
Methods: In a 16-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 70 adults with metabolic syndrome aged 20-60 years were randomly assigned to a mixed tocotrienols group (n=35) that received 400mg/day of mixed tocotrienols or a placebo group (n=35) that received capsules containing soy bean oil. At baseline, week 8 and week 16, anthropometric, body composition and blood pressure measurements were conducted. At baseline and week 16 only, serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, plasma levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumouxr necrosis factor- a (TNF-a), leptin, adiponectin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein were also determined. Changes in dietary intake and physical activity level between baseline, week 8 and week 16 were also assessed.
Results: In the tocotrienols group, significant reductions from baseline were found in diastolic blood pressure (p=0.001), TC (p=0.008), LDL-cholesterol (p=0.022), HDL-cholesterol (p<0.001), IL-6 (p=0.024) and TNF-a (p=0.013) at week sixteen. However, the changes in the tocotrienols group were not significantly different from those of the placebo group.
Conclusion: The 16-week mixed tocotrienols supplementation exerted potential beneficial effects on cytokines and lipid profile in adults with metabolic syndrome. The results might have been confounded by the physiological effects produced by the soy bean oil in the placebo capsule.
Key words: Chronic inflammation, cytokines, lipid profile, metabolic syndrome, tocotrienols
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Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is associated with low-grade, chronic inflammation. Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of tocotrienols supplementation on cytokines and lipid profile in adults with metabolic syndrome.
Methods: In a 16-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 70 adults with metabolic syndrome aged 20-60 years were randomly assigned to a mixed tocotrienols group (n=35) that received 400mg/day of mixed tocotrienols or a placebo group (n=35) that received capsules containing soy bean oil. At baseline, week 8 and week 16, anthropometric, body composition and blood pressure measurements were conducted. At baseline and week 16 only, serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, plasma levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumouxr necrosis factor- a (TNF-a), leptin, adiponectin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein were also determined. Changes in dietary intake and physical activity level between baseline, week 8 and week 16 were also assessed.
Results: In the tocotrienols group, significant reductions from baseline were found in diastolic blood pressure (p=0.001), TC (p=0.008), LDL-cholesterol (p=0.022), HDL-cholesterol (p<0.001), IL-6 (p=0.024) and TNF-a (p=0.013) at week sixteen. However, the changes in the tocotrienols group were not significantly different from those of the placebo group.
Conclusion: The 16-week mixed tocotrienols supplementation exerted potential beneficial effects on cytokines and lipid profile in adults with metabolic syndrome. The results might have been confounded by the physiological effects produced by the soy bean oil in the placebo capsule.
Key words: Chronic inflammation, cytokines, lipid profile, metabolic syndrome, tocotrienols
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Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Kenaf and Roselle Seeds
Nyam KL, Sin LN & Kamariah L
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Both kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) belong to the Malvaceae family.
Methods: In this study, the phytochemical analysis and anti-inflammatory activity of kenaf seed oil (KSO), kenaf seed extract (KSE), roselle seed oil (RSO) and roselle seed extract (RSE) were investigated.
Results: The flavonoids content present in the roselle seed oil (RSO), roselle seed extract (RSE), kenaf seed oil (KSO) and kenaf seed extract (KSE) ranged from 52.94±7.31 mg catechin/100g of sample (KSE) to 290.05±12.04 mg catechin/100 g of (RSE); phenolic content ranged from 108.46±6.40mg GAE/ 100g of sample (RSO) to 229.65±7.91 mg GAE/ 100g of sample (RSE); saponin content ranged from 68.14±3.46 mg saponin/ 100 g of sample (KSO) to 98.50±2.44 mg saponin/ 100g of sample (RSE); terpenoid content ranged from 148.76±9.69 mg linaloo1/100g of sample (KSO) to 294.74±16.14 mg linaloo1/100g of sample (RSE); and alkaloid content ranged from 17.40±1.346%/g (KSO) to 46.95±1.792%/g (RSE). The results showed that KSE, RSO and RSE significantly inhibited (p<0.05) inflammation compared to the control.
Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that KSE, RSO and RSE exhibit potent anti-inflammatory property and offer potential for use as a therapeutic regiment in managing inflammatory conditions.
Key words: Alkaloids, arachidonic acid (AA) induced paw edema, carrageenan¬induced paw edema, flavonoids, histamine induced paw edema, phenolics, saponins, terpenoids
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Introduction: Both kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) belong to the Malvaceae family.
Methods: In this study, the phytochemical analysis and anti-inflammatory activity of kenaf seed oil (KSO), kenaf seed extract (KSE), roselle seed oil (RSO) and roselle seed extract (RSE) were investigated.
Results: The flavonoids content present in the roselle seed oil (RSO), roselle seed extract (RSE), kenaf seed oil (KSO) and kenaf seed extract (KSE) ranged from 52.94±7.31 mg catechin/100g of sample (KSE) to 290.05±12.04 mg catechin/100 g of (RSE); phenolic content ranged from 108.46±6.40mg GAE/ 100g of sample (RSO) to 229.65±7.91 mg GAE/ 100g of sample (RSE); saponin content ranged from 68.14±3.46 mg saponin/ 100 g of sample (KSO) to 98.50±2.44 mg saponin/ 100g of sample (RSE); terpenoid content ranged from 148.76±9.69 mg linaloo1/100g of sample (KSO) to 294.74±16.14 mg linaloo1/100g of sample (RSE); and alkaloid content ranged from 17.40±1.346%/g (KSO) to 46.95±1.792%/g (RSE). The results showed that KSE, RSO and RSE significantly inhibited (p<0.05) inflammation compared to the control.
Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that KSE, RSO and RSE exhibit potent anti-inflammatory property and offer potential for use as a therapeutic regiment in managing inflammatory conditions.
Key words: Alkaloids, arachidonic acid (AA) induced paw edema, carrageenan¬induced paw edema, flavonoids, histamine induced paw edema, phenolics, saponins, terpenoids
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Retention of Ascorbic Acid and Major Mineral Contents in Water Spinach and Chinese Kale after Three Different Cooking Methods
Chin WK & Marina AM
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) and Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. alboglabra) are popular in Malaysia, relatively cheap and rich sources of vitamins, dietary fibre and minerals. A study was conducted to determine the retention of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and major minerals (zinc, iron and copper) in water spinach and Chinese kale after boiling, stir-frying and steaming.
Methods: Ascorbic acid was determined using potassium iodate titration method. Major mineral contents were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Results: The results showed that stir-frying retained the highest ascorbic acid level in both water spinach (64.4%) and Chinese kale (85.9 %). Zinc showed maximum retention in boiled water spinach (103.6%) while stir-fried Chinese kale retained the highest content of zinc (88.8 %). The retention of iron level in water spinach ranged from 49.1 to 101.3% while that in Chinese kale was from 42.5 to 117.5%. The highest retention of copper was obtained in steamed water spinach (93.6%) and boiled Chinese kale (106.3%).
Conclusion: Stir-frying is the best cooking method to retain ascorbic acid in water spinach and Chinese kale while zinc, iron, and copper retention in both vegetables varied depending on the type of cooking. These findings could be part of consumer education on methods of food preparation for optimum nutrient retention.
Key words: Boiled, stir-fried and steamed vegetables, Brassica oleracea L. var. alboglabra, Ipomoea aquatica
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Introduction: The water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) and Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. alboglabra) are popular in Malaysia, relatively cheap and rich sources of vitamins, dietary fibre and minerals. A study was conducted to determine the retention of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and major minerals (zinc, iron and copper) in water spinach and Chinese kale after boiling, stir-frying and steaming.
Methods: Ascorbic acid was determined using potassium iodate titration method. Major mineral contents were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Results: The results showed that stir-frying retained the highest ascorbic acid level in both water spinach (64.4%) and Chinese kale (85.9 %). Zinc showed maximum retention in boiled water spinach (103.6%) while stir-fried Chinese kale retained the highest content of zinc (88.8 %). The retention of iron level in water spinach ranged from 49.1 to 101.3% while that in Chinese kale was from 42.5 to 117.5%. The highest retention of copper was obtained in steamed water spinach (93.6%) and boiled Chinese kale (106.3%).
Conclusion: Stir-frying is the best cooking method to retain ascorbic acid in water spinach and Chinese kale while zinc, iron, and copper retention in both vegetables varied depending on the type of cooking. These findings could be part of consumer education on methods of food preparation for optimum nutrient retention.
Key words: Boiled, stir-fried and steamed vegetables, Brassica oleracea L. var. alboglabra, Ipomoea aquatica
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Perceptions of Exclusive Breastfeeding among Bidayuh Mothers in Sarawak, Malaysia: A Qualitative Study
Chang CT, Denney DF & Cheah WL
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Despite its benefits, exclusive breast feeding is not widely practised in Malaysia. As the decision for exclusive breastfeeding is influenced by social and cultural context, it is important to conduct studies in different societies in Malaysia. This qualitative study aimed to explore the perceptions of exclusive breastfeeding among Bidayuh women in Sarawak, Malaysia.
Methods: A purposive sample of Bidayuh women who exclusively breastfed their infants for at least three months were recruited from one rural village in one sub-district of Kuching. An in-depth interview asked participants to respond to an open-ended questionnaire designed to elicit perception/challenges and motivating factors to continue exclusive breastfeeding.
Results: Participants believed that it was their responsibility to breastfeed and breast milk was regarded as a gift from God with goodness that brought a proud and joyful experience. Breastfeeding also strengthened the mother-infant's physical and emotional bonding. Social support was important to ensure the continuation of exclusive breast feeding.
Conclusion: Health care workers should emphasise these perceptions in their teaching and continue to provide support for exclusive breast feeding. More studies in other ethnic groups in Malaysia are recommended so as to provide relevant content for health care professionals to frame health education and promotion of exclusive breastfeeding within a culturally meaningful context.
Key words: Bidayuh, exclusive breast feeding, Malaysia, qualitative study, Sarawak
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Introduction: Despite its benefits, exclusive breast feeding is not widely practised in Malaysia. As the decision for exclusive breastfeeding is influenced by social and cultural context, it is important to conduct studies in different societies in Malaysia. This qualitative study aimed to explore the perceptions of exclusive breastfeeding among Bidayuh women in Sarawak, Malaysia.
Methods: A purposive sample of Bidayuh women who exclusively breastfed their infants for at least three months were recruited from one rural village in one sub-district of Kuching. An in-depth interview asked participants to respond to an open-ended questionnaire designed to elicit perception/challenges and motivating factors to continue exclusive breastfeeding.
Results: Participants believed that it was their responsibility to breastfeed and breast milk was regarded as a gift from God with goodness that brought a proud and joyful experience. Breastfeeding also strengthened the mother-infant's physical and emotional bonding. Social support was important to ensure the continuation of exclusive breast feeding.
Conclusion: Health care workers should emphasise these perceptions in their teaching and continue to provide support for exclusive breast feeding. More studies in other ethnic groups in Malaysia are recommended so as to provide relevant content for health care professionals to frame health education and promotion of exclusive breastfeeding within a culturally meaningful context.
Key words: Bidayuh, exclusive breast feeding, Malaysia, qualitative study, Sarawak
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Malaysian Journal of Nutrition
Volume 21 No.3, 2015
Table of Content
Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, December 2015 Cover
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Effect of Including Glycaemic Index (GI) Nutrition Education, within the Conventional Healthy Dietary Recommendation Framework, on Body Weight and Composition of Women with Prior Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Results from a One-Year Randomised Controlled Trial
Shyam S, Fatimah A, Rohana AG, Norasyikin AW, Nik Shanita S, Chinna K, Mohd. Yusof BN & Nor Azmi K
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have increased risks for obesity and its metabolic consequences. Conventional diets have limited success in achieving weight loss in this population. Lowering dietary glycaemic index (GI) is known to facilitate weight loss in insulin-resistant women. This study evaluated the effects of including GI education within the conventional healthy dietary recommendation (CHDR) framework, on body weight and composition of women post-GDM.
Methods: Seventy-seven, non-diabetic, women with previous GDM (aged 20-40y, mean BMI: 26.4±4.6kg/m2) were randomised into two groups: subjects who received CHDR only (CHDR, n=38) and those who received low-GI education in addition (LGI, n= 39). The outcome of these interventions on body weight, waist circumference (WC), waist¬to-hip-ratio (WHR), body fat and dietary intakes were assessed after one year. Clinically significant weight loss was defined as achieving a minimum of 5% weight loss from the baseline body weight.
Results: After one year, as compared to CHDR, a significantly greater proportion of LGI subjects had 7% (28.2% vs. 5.3%, p =0.01) and 10% (15.4% vs. 0%, p =0.025) weight loss from baseline. WC significantly reduced in both groups (p< 0.004); however, only LGI subjects had significant WHR reduction (-0.02± 0.04, p=0.035). One-year mean increases in total (1.2±2.4kg, p= 0.008) and trunk fat (0.65±1.4kg, p= 0.019) were significant only within the CHDR group, although the changes were not significantly different between the groups. After intervention, LGI as compared to CHDR diets, had lower GI (58±4 vs.64±7, p<0.001) and higher dietary fibre (17±4 vs. 13±4g, p <0.001).
Conclusion: Including GI education within the CHDR framework for women with prior GDM, increases their likelihood of achieving 7% weight loss and significant WHR reductions in one year
Key words: Diet, gestational diabetes mellitus, glycaemic index, glycaemic load, prevention, type 2 diabetes
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Introduction: Women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have increased risks for obesity and its metabolic consequences. Conventional diets have limited success in achieving weight loss in this population. Lowering dietary glycaemic index (GI) is known to facilitate weight loss in insulin-resistant women. This study evaluated the effects of including GI education within the conventional healthy dietary recommendation (CHDR) framework, on body weight and composition of women post-GDM.
Methods: Seventy-seven, non-diabetic, women with previous GDM (aged 20-40y, mean BMI: 26.4±4.6kg/m2) were randomised into two groups: subjects who received CHDR only (CHDR, n=38) and those who received low-GI education in addition (LGI, n= 39). The outcome of these interventions on body weight, waist circumference (WC), waist¬to-hip-ratio (WHR), body fat and dietary intakes were assessed after one year. Clinically significant weight loss was defined as achieving a minimum of 5% weight loss from the baseline body weight.
Results: After one year, as compared to CHDR, a significantly greater proportion of LGI subjects had 7% (28.2% vs. 5.3%, p =0.01) and 10% (15.4% vs. 0%, p =0.025) weight loss from baseline. WC significantly reduced in both groups (p< 0.004); however, only LGI subjects had significant WHR reduction (-0.02± 0.04, p=0.035). One-year mean increases in total (1.2±2.4kg, p= 0.008) and trunk fat (0.65±1.4kg, p= 0.019) were significant only within the CHDR group, although the changes were not significantly different between the groups. After intervention, LGI as compared to CHDR diets, had lower GI (58±4 vs.64±7, p<0.001) and higher dietary fibre (17±4 vs. 13±4g, p <0.001).
Conclusion: Including GI education within the CHDR framework for women with prior GDM, increases their likelihood of achieving 7% weight loss and significant WHR reductions in one year
Key words: Diet, gestational diabetes mellitus, glycaemic index, glycaemic load, prevention, type 2 diabetes
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Determinants of Body Weight Status of University Students: Exploratory Evidence from Universiti Sains Malaysia
Low HJ, Tan AKG & Kassim S
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Overweight and obesity are major health concerns among young adults in Malaysia. This study investigates the association between socio¬demographic and health-lifestyle factors and body weight status among university students.
Methods: Data were obtained from random questionnaire-based face-to-face interviews of 414 full-time students from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). Ordered probit analysis was conducted and marginal effects of socio-demographic and health-lifestyle variables on body-mass-index (BMA calculated.
Results: Among socio-demographic variables, ethnicity (Chinese), gender (male), monthly household income bracket, and family history of obesity were significant factors in determining body weight status. As a health-lifestyle factor, self-reported main meal portion size was significantly associated with BMI.
Conclusion: It is concluded that health policy makers in institutions of higher learning should take appropriate intervention measures by focusing on socio-demographic and health-lifestyle related factors in addressing issues of overweight and obesity among university students. Policy recommendations include implementing specific nutrition awareness programmes among male students and promoting health education that elevated body weight issues could be associated with familial traits. Efforts to ensure affordable and accessible nutrient-rich foods in campus cafeterias may also be beneficial to the nutritional health of university students.
Key words: Body weight, obesity, ordered probability model, overweight, university students
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Introduction: Overweight and obesity are major health concerns among young adults in Malaysia. This study investigates the association between socio¬demographic and health-lifestyle factors and body weight status among university students.
Methods: Data were obtained from random questionnaire-based face-to-face interviews of 414 full-time students from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). Ordered probit analysis was conducted and marginal effects of socio-demographic and health-lifestyle variables on body-mass-index (BMA calculated.
Results: Among socio-demographic variables, ethnicity (Chinese), gender (male), monthly household income bracket, and family history of obesity were significant factors in determining body weight status. As a health-lifestyle factor, self-reported main meal portion size was significantly associated with BMI.
Conclusion: It is concluded that health policy makers in institutions of higher learning should take appropriate intervention measures by focusing on socio-demographic and health-lifestyle related factors in addressing issues of overweight and obesity among university students. Policy recommendations include implementing specific nutrition awareness programmes among male students and promoting health education that elevated body weight issues could be associated with familial traits. Efforts to ensure affordable and accessible nutrient-rich foods in campus cafeterias may also be beneficial to the nutritional health of university students.
Key words: Body weight, obesity, ordered probability model, overweight, university students
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Breakfast Eating Habits and Nutritional Status of Primary School Children in Orumba South Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria
Ukegbu Patricia Ogechi
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This study was carried out to describe breakfast eating habits and nutritional status of primary school children in rural areas of Anambra state, Nigeria.
Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey involving 358 primary school children (aged 6-11 years) randomly selected from 5 private primary schools in Anambra state. A pre-tested questionnaire on dietary habits, breakfast eating habits and content of breakfasts was used to collect data. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Chi square.
Results: The mean age of the children was 8.2±0.7years. The percentage of children who reported taking breakfast on the day of the study was 77.7%, while 71.2% ate breakfast 25 times per week. Those who skipped breakfast cited waking up late (48.8%) and lack of enough food at home (43.8%) as reasons for skipping breakfast. Breakfast was usually consumed at home by 90.6% of the children. Foods in the bread/cereal group (61.5%) and tea/cocoa beverages (59.7%) were commonly consumed for breakfast. The snacks brought to school were mainly pastry products (78.8%). The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting among the children were 15.9%, 27.4% and 20.7%, respectively. Those who consumed breakfast more than 5 times a week were more likely to have better weight-for-age status than their counterparts (X2=6.690;p=0.043) (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Most of the children were reportedly used to having daily breakfast. However, there is a need to assess the nutritional quality and adequacy of breakfasts consumed by young children
Key words: Anthropometry, breakfast habits, nutritional status, school children
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Introduction: This study was carried out to describe breakfast eating habits and nutritional status of primary school children in rural areas of Anambra state, Nigeria.
Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey involving 358 primary school children (aged 6-11 years) randomly selected from 5 private primary schools in Anambra state. A pre-tested questionnaire on dietary habits, breakfast eating habits and content of breakfasts was used to collect data. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Chi square.
Results: The mean age of the children was 8.2±0.7years. The percentage of children who reported taking breakfast on the day of the study was 77.7%, while 71.2% ate breakfast 25 times per week. Those who skipped breakfast cited waking up late (48.8%) and lack of enough food at home (43.8%) as reasons for skipping breakfast. Breakfast was usually consumed at home by 90.6% of the children. Foods in the bread/cereal group (61.5%) and tea/cocoa beverages (59.7%) were commonly consumed for breakfast. The snacks brought to school were mainly pastry products (78.8%). The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting among the children were 15.9%, 27.4% and 20.7%, respectively. Those who consumed breakfast more than 5 times a week were more likely to have better weight-for-age status than their counterparts (X2=6.690;p=0.043) (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Most of the children were reportedly used to having daily breakfast. However, there is a need to assess the nutritional quality and adequacy of breakfasts consumed by young children
Key words: Anthropometry, breakfast habits, nutritional status, school children
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Knowledge and Attitudes towards Breastfeeding among Unmarried Female Graduates at the University of Jordan
Hayder A Al-Domi
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Breast milk is the primary source of nutrition for infants. It provides numerous health benefits to both mothers and infants. This study aimed to determine knowledge and attitudes toward breastfeeding among unmarried, young, female graduates of the University of Jordan.
Methods: A total of 627 female graduates aged 23.2 ± 0.8 years were recruited from different faculties of the University of Jordan to participate in this study. The study participants were given a validated questionnaire based on the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale. It consisted of 14 items on knowledge and 8 items on attitudes toward breastfeeding.
Results: There was a remarkable discordance in the responses of the participants between their knowledge and attitude towards breasifeeding. Whilst 94% of them stated they knew that breast milk is the best food for infants, and 91% agreed that breastfeeding is a valued tradition that mothers should maintain, 99% stated that they would prefer bottle-feeding over breastfeeding as breasifeeding was an old feeding practice. More than 61% agreed that human breast milk is easily digested when compared to formula milk, and 65.9% indicated that they knew that formula-fed babies were more likely to be overfed than breasifed babies (P=0.01). Moreover, 83% of them indicated that mothers should not breastfeed in public places such as restaurants. Mean level of knowledge score of female graduates from health faculties was moderate compared to the low level among graduates from both scientific and humanitarian faculties (P=0.012).
Conclusion: Although a certain level of positive knowledge about breastfeeding existed among a group of young women graduates of the University of Jordan, their attitudes towards breastfeeding practices were negative. This is an important area for policy makers in order to build capacity of people to support the practice of breastfeeding and consequently increase the rate of both breastfeeding initiation and overall breasifeeding duration.
Key words: Attitudes, breastfeeding, health, Jordan, knowledge, policy, university students
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Introduction: Breast milk is the primary source of nutrition for infants. It provides numerous health benefits to both mothers and infants. This study aimed to determine knowledge and attitudes toward breastfeeding among unmarried, young, female graduates of the University of Jordan.
Methods: A total of 627 female graduates aged 23.2 ± 0.8 years were recruited from different faculties of the University of Jordan to participate in this study. The study participants were given a validated questionnaire based on the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale. It consisted of 14 items on knowledge and 8 items on attitudes toward breastfeeding.
Results: There was a remarkable discordance in the responses of the participants between their knowledge and attitude towards breasifeeding. Whilst 94% of them stated they knew that breast milk is the best food for infants, and 91% agreed that breastfeeding is a valued tradition that mothers should maintain, 99% stated that they would prefer bottle-feeding over breastfeeding as breasifeeding was an old feeding practice. More than 61% agreed that human breast milk is easily digested when compared to formula milk, and 65.9% indicated that they knew that formula-fed babies were more likely to be overfed than breasifed babies (P=0.01). Moreover, 83% of them indicated that mothers should not breastfeed in public places such as restaurants. Mean level of knowledge score of female graduates from health faculties was moderate compared to the low level among graduates from both scientific and humanitarian faculties (P=0.012).
Conclusion: Although a certain level of positive knowledge about breastfeeding existed among a group of young women graduates of the University of Jordan, their attitudes towards breastfeeding practices were negative. This is an important area for policy makers in order to build capacity of people to support the practice of breastfeeding and consequently increase the rate of both breastfeeding initiation and overall breasifeeding duration.
Key words: Attitudes, breastfeeding, health, Jordan, knowledge, policy, university students
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Prevalence of Malnutrition and its Association with Socio-demographic Characteristics among Malaysian Adolescents Living in Day-school Hostels
Lai SC, Chin YS, Chan YM & Mohd Nasir MT
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The life of an adolescent in a school hostel is well-managed with respect to daily food intake and physical activity. These adolescents are likely to be physically active and are assumed to consume nutritious food. However, little is known about malnutrition and factors related to it. Thus, this study determined the association between malnutrition (thinness & overweight) and socio-demographic characteristics of these adolescents living in day-school hostels.
Methods: Data from Program Cara Hidup Sihat (Healthy Lifestyle Program), comprising a total of 4189 13-year-old school-going adolescents were used. A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was applied. Information on socio-demographic characteristics was collected using self-administered questionnaires. Body weights and heights were measured. Body mass index (BMI)-for-age (z-score), or BAZ, was determined using the World Health Organization's (WHO) Growth Reference.
Results: The prevalence of overweight (23.3%, 95% CI: 22.1, 24.7) was about six times higher than thinness (4.3%, 95% CI: 3.7, 5.0). Males had higher prevalence of thinness (5.6%, 95% CI: 4.6, 6.9) compared to females (3.4%, 95% CI: 3.7, 4.2). A higher prevalence of overweight was observed in the central zone than in the other five zones. Complex samples logistic regression showed that adolescents from the central zone and those with monthly parental incomes a RM 5000 were 2.5 times (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6, 3.9) and 2.0 times (adjusted OR=2.0, 95% CI: 1.3, 2.9), respectively, more likely to be at risk of overweight compared to adolescents from the other five zones and with parents whose monthly incomes were less than RM 5000. Conversely, male adolescents were 1.7 times more likely to be at risk of thinness (adjusted OR=1.7, 95% CI: 1.2, 2.3) compared to female adolescents.
Conclusion: The dual forms of malnutrition co-existed, with over-nutrition being more prevalent than under-nutrition. Future healthy body weight intervention programs should consider sex, monthly parental incomes and geographic zones of adolescents living in day-school hostels.
Key words: Adolescents, day-school hostels, Malaysian, overweight, thinness
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Introduction: The life of an adolescent in a school hostel is well-managed with respect to daily food intake and physical activity. These adolescents are likely to be physically active and are assumed to consume nutritious food. However, little is known about malnutrition and factors related to it. Thus, this study determined the association between malnutrition (thinness & overweight) and socio-demographic characteristics of these adolescents living in day-school hostels.
Methods: Data from Program Cara Hidup Sihat (Healthy Lifestyle Program), comprising a total of 4189 13-year-old school-going adolescents were used. A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was applied. Information on socio-demographic characteristics was collected using self-administered questionnaires. Body weights and heights were measured. Body mass index (BMI)-for-age (z-score), or BAZ, was determined using the World Health Organization's (WHO) Growth Reference.
Results: The prevalence of overweight (23.3%, 95% CI: 22.1, 24.7) was about six times higher than thinness (4.3%, 95% CI: 3.7, 5.0). Males had higher prevalence of thinness (5.6%, 95% CI: 4.6, 6.9) compared to females (3.4%, 95% CI: 3.7, 4.2). A higher prevalence of overweight was observed in the central zone than in the other five zones. Complex samples logistic regression showed that adolescents from the central zone and those with monthly parental incomes a RM 5000 were 2.5 times (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6, 3.9) and 2.0 times (adjusted OR=2.0, 95% CI: 1.3, 2.9), respectively, more likely to be at risk of overweight compared to adolescents from the other five zones and with parents whose monthly incomes were less than RM 5000. Conversely, male adolescents were 1.7 times more likely to be at risk of thinness (adjusted OR=1.7, 95% CI: 1.2, 2.3) compared to female adolescents.
Conclusion: The dual forms of malnutrition co-existed, with over-nutrition being more prevalent than under-nutrition. Future healthy body weight intervention programs should consider sex, monthly parental incomes and geographic zones of adolescents living in day-school hostels.
Key words: Adolescents, day-school hostels, Malaysian, overweight, thinness
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Association of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption with Mild Cognitive Impairment Among Older Persons Living in Low-Cost Residential Areas in Kuala Lumpur
Intan Hafizah I, Zahara AM, Noramilin S & Suzana S
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The benefits of sufficient fruits and vegetables consumption for health are well known. This study investigated the adequacy of fruit and vegetable intake among older persons and its association with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The study also identified motivation and barrier factors affecting fruit and vegetables consumption.
Methods: A total of 114 respondents aged 60-years and above (25 and 89 respomdents with and without MCI, respectively) from low cost housing areas in Kuala Lumpur participated in the study. Participants were interviewed using a standardised questionnaire with neurocognitive testing scales to determine their cognition level.
Results: Of the non-MCI participants, 15.7% met World Health Organisation's (WHO) (2003) recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption of 400 g/ day compared to 12.0% of the subjects with MCI (p<0.05). Participants without MCI also had a significantly higher intake of fruit and vegetables (281.6 ± 77.2 g/ day) compared to those with MCI (250.4 ± 51.3 g/ day). Total daily intake of vegetables and fruits was significantly correlated with the digit span score of the participants (r=0.214, p<0.02). Total daily intake of leafy green vegetables was correlated with the verbal memory domain score of the total digit span (r=0.254, p<0.01). The main motivating factor for taking fruits, vegetables, and 'ulam' (salad) was their belief in its health benefits. The main barriers to their consumption were dental problems, and a dislike of their taste.
Conclusion: Generally, the intake of fruits and vegetables among older persons was inadequate and was associated with poorer cognitive functions. Improvement of oral health status and the provision of more choices of fruits and vegetables for older persons may increase their daily intake.
Key words: Barriers, cognitive, fruits, motivation, older persons, vegetables
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Introduction: The benefits of sufficient fruits and vegetables consumption for health are well known. This study investigated the adequacy of fruit and vegetable intake among older persons and its association with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The study also identified motivation and barrier factors affecting fruit and vegetables consumption.
Methods: A total of 114 respondents aged 60-years and above (25 and 89 respomdents with and without MCI, respectively) from low cost housing areas in Kuala Lumpur participated in the study. Participants were interviewed using a standardised questionnaire with neurocognitive testing scales to determine their cognition level.
Results: Of the non-MCI participants, 15.7% met World Health Organisation's (WHO) (2003) recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption of 400 g/ day compared to 12.0% of the subjects with MCI (p<0.05). Participants without MCI also had a significantly higher intake of fruit and vegetables (281.6 ± 77.2 g/ day) compared to those with MCI (250.4 ± 51.3 g/ day). Total daily intake of vegetables and fruits was significantly correlated with the digit span score of the participants (r=0.214, p<0.02). Total daily intake of leafy green vegetables was correlated with the verbal memory domain score of the total digit span (r=0.254, p<0.01). The main motivating factor for taking fruits, vegetables, and 'ulam' (salad) was their belief in its health benefits. The main barriers to their consumption were dental problems, and a dislike of their taste.
Conclusion: Generally, the intake of fruits and vegetables among older persons was inadequate and was associated with poorer cognitive functions. Improvement of oral health status and the provision of more choices of fruits and vegetables for older persons may increase their daily intake.
Key words: Barriers, cognitive, fruits, motivation, older persons, vegetables
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Maternal Socio-demographic Factors and Nutritional Status as Predictors of Caesarean Delivery at Hospitals in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh
Farhana Hasan, Md. Sabiruzzaman, Chironjib Kumar Joardar & Md. Golam Hossain
ABSTRACT
Introduction: A caesarean delivery is a major surgery with risks of severe bleeding, scarring, infections, reactions to anesthesia and long-lasting pain. The aim of the study was to determine the predictors of caesarean delivery at hospitals in Rajshahi city, Bangladesh.
Methods: Data was collected from 194 women who delivered at three private and one public hospital maternity wards in Rajshahi city between January and March 2013. A questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic background of the mothers. Body mass index was computed to determine overweight and underweight status of the women.
Results: The prevalence of caesarean delivery at the hospitals studied was 77.3%. Socio-demographic factors and nutrition status that were significantly associated with the type of birth delivery were considered as independent variables in a logistic regression model. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that older women (age z 25 year) were more likely to undergo caesarean delivery than younger women. Women with higher education were more likely to have caesarean delivery as compared to women without formal schooling. Overweight women had a higher likelihood of caesarean delivery than women with normal weight and underweight.
Conclusion: The study recorded a high prevalence of caesarean deliveries at the hospitals in Rajshahi city. Age, educational level and BMI status of the women were associated with caesarian deliveries.
Key words: Caesarean delivery, hospital, multiple logistic regression, nutritional status, Rajshahi city
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Introduction: A caesarean delivery is a major surgery with risks of severe bleeding, scarring, infections, reactions to anesthesia and long-lasting pain. The aim of the study was to determine the predictors of caesarean delivery at hospitals in Rajshahi city, Bangladesh.
Methods: Data was collected from 194 women who delivered at three private and one public hospital maternity wards in Rajshahi city between January and March 2013. A questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic background of the mothers. Body mass index was computed to determine overweight and underweight status of the women.
Results: The prevalence of caesarean delivery at the hospitals studied was 77.3%. Socio-demographic factors and nutrition status that were significantly associated with the type of birth delivery were considered as independent variables in a logistic regression model. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that older women (age z 25 year) were more likely to undergo caesarean delivery than younger women. Women with higher education were more likely to have caesarean delivery as compared to women without formal schooling. Overweight women had a higher likelihood of caesarean delivery than women with normal weight and underweight.
Conclusion: The study recorded a high prevalence of caesarean deliveries at the hospitals in Rajshahi city. Age, educational level and BMI status of the women were associated with caesarian deliveries.
Key words: Caesarean delivery, hospital, multiple logistic regression, nutritional status, Rajshahi city
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Chemical Properties and Fatty Acid Composition of Mangifera pajang and Mangifera indica Kernel Fats
Azrina A, Aznira AR & Khoo HE
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This study aimed to determine chemical properties and fatty acid composition of kernel fats of Mangifera pajang (MP) and Mangifera indica (MI), and compare the results with that of cocoa butter from literature.
Methods: Chemical properties of the extracted crude fats were determined for iodine value, peroxide value and saponification value using AOAC methods, whereas acid value of the mango kernels was determined based on AOCS method. Saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) were also determined using gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection method.
Results: The results showed that kernel fats of MI and MP had low chemical values. The fatty acid compositions of MP kernel fat comprised 55.4%, 39.3% and 5.3% of SFA, MUFA and PUFA, respectively. The total PUFA of MP kernel fat (5.3%) was lower than the total PUFA of MI kernel fat (6.1%).
Conclusion: Due to the similarity of the fatty acid composition between mango kernel fat and cocoa butter, it is suggested that the kernel fat of MP has potential as a substitute for cocoa butter or hydrogenated fat in confectionary products.
Key words: Chemical characteristics, cocoa butter, fatty acid, kernel fat, Mangifera indica, Mangifera pajang
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Introduction: This study aimed to determine chemical properties and fatty acid composition of kernel fats of Mangifera pajang (MP) and Mangifera indica (MI), and compare the results with that of cocoa butter from literature.
Methods: Chemical properties of the extracted crude fats were determined for iodine value, peroxide value and saponification value using AOAC methods, whereas acid value of the mango kernels was determined based on AOCS method. Saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) were also determined using gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection method.
Results: The results showed that kernel fats of MI and MP had low chemical values. The fatty acid compositions of MP kernel fat comprised 55.4%, 39.3% and 5.3% of SFA, MUFA and PUFA, respectively. The total PUFA of MP kernel fat (5.3%) was lower than the total PUFA of MI kernel fat (6.1%).
Conclusion: Due to the similarity of the fatty acid composition between mango kernel fat and cocoa butter, it is suggested that the kernel fat of MP has potential as a substitute for cocoa butter or hydrogenated fat in confectionary products.
Key words: Chemical characteristics, cocoa butter, fatty acid, kernel fat, Mangifera indica, Mangifera pajang
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Phosphorus Contents of Raw Chicken Meat and Processed Chicken Meat Products
Er SH & Chan YM
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The per capita consumption of chicken meat and related products has increased steadily in Malaysia, as it is affordable and can be consumed without religious constraints. There is concern for the widespread use of phosphate additives in processed meats, which may lead to hyperphosphatemia, especially among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The objective of this study was to determine and compare the phosphorus content in raw chicken breast meat (RCBM) and selected processed chicken meat products.
Methods: Samples of RCBM, chicken frankfurters, chicken patties and chicken nuggets of different brands were studied. The phosphorus content of the samples were determined via the dry ashing method and a Perkin-Elmer 5300DV inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES).
Results: The mean phosphorus content in RCBM was 209.15±3.13 mg per 100 g. Chicken nuggets contained the highest phosphorus content, followed by RCBM, chicken patties and chicken frankfurters. Compared to the RCBM, the mean phosphorus content of chicken frankfurters and chicken patties were 21.42% and 4.81% respectively lower, whilst that of chicken nuggets was 1.74% higher. The same type of chicken meat products from different brands also differed significantly in their phosphorus content.
Conclusion: There were significant differences in the phosphorus content among different types of chicken meat products, and among the same chicken meat products from different brands. Caution should be exercised, especially by CKD patients, in consuming processed chicken meat products due to the risk posed to them by phosphorus content.
Key words: Chronic kidney disease, hyperphosphatemia, phosphate additives, processed chicken meat products, phosphorus contents.
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Introduction: The per capita consumption of chicken meat and related products has increased steadily in Malaysia, as it is affordable and can be consumed without religious constraints. There is concern for the widespread use of phosphate additives in processed meats, which may lead to hyperphosphatemia, especially among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The objective of this study was to determine and compare the phosphorus content in raw chicken breast meat (RCBM) and selected processed chicken meat products.
Methods: Samples of RCBM, chicken frankfurters, chicken patties and chicken nuggets of different brands were studied. The phosphorus content of the samples were determined via the dry ashing method and a Perkin-Elmer 5300DV inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES).
Results: The mean phosphorus content in RCBM was 209.15±3.13 mg per 100 g. Chicken nuggets contained the highest phosphorus content, followed by RCBM, chicken patties and chicken frankfurters. Compared to the RCBM, the mean phosphorus content of chicken frankfurters and chicken patties were 21.42% and 4.81% respectively lower, whilst that of chicken nuggets was 1.74% higher. The same type of chicken meat products from different brands also differed significantly in their phosphorus content.
Conclusion: There were significant differences in the phosphorus content among different types of chicken meat products, and among the same chicken meat products from different brands. Caution should be exercised, especially by CKD patients, in consuming processed chicken meat products due to the risk posed to them by phosphorus content.
Key words: Chronic kidney disease, hyperphosphatemia, phosphate additives, processed chicken meat products, phosphorus contents.
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Multiple Potential Roles of Spirulina in Human Health: A Critical Review
Prasant Kumar, Nidhi Desai & Mitesh Dwivedi
ABSTRACT
Spirulina is a freshwater blue-green microalgae which has been used as a food supplement for centuries. It is a rich source of several macro- and micro-nutrients. Several studies have demonstrated the potential nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and health benefits of Spirulina. The focus of this article is to highlight the multiple potential roles of Spirulina in human health. Studies have demonstrated Spirulina's roles in boosting immunity through increasing resistance to various infections. Potential health benefits of Spirulina in association with its antioxidant, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties have also been reported. Owing to its nutrient profiles and nutraceutical properties, Spirulina has been shown to have potential therapeutic roles in metabolic diseases, hypertension, anaemia, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Key words: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, health, microalgae, Spirulina
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Spirulina is a freshwater blue-green microalgae which has been used as a food supplement for centuries. It is a rich source of several macro- and micro-nutrients. Several studies have demonstrated the potential nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and health benefits of Spirulina. The focus of this article is to highlight the multiple potential roles of Spirulina in human health. Studies have demonstrated Spirulina's roles in boosting immunity through increasing resistance to various infections. Potential health benefits of Spirulina in association with its antioxidant, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties have also been reported. Owing to its nutrient profiles and nutraceutical properties, Spirulina has been shown to have potential therapeutic roles in metabolic diseases, hypertension, anaemia, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Key words: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, health, microalgae, Spirulina
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Does Protein Distribution Affect Blood Glucose in Type I Diabetes Mellitus? A Case Report
Ho Chiou Yi & Pek Siow Hui
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Type I diabetes mellitus patients often complain of hunger and suboptimal blood glucose levels. Proper protein distribution might help to improve glucose control and ultimately, carbohydrate distribution.
Case Presentation: A nine-year-old boy (herein the patient) newly diagnosed with Type I diabetes mellitus with diabetic ketoacidosis, presented nocturia, polydipsia, loss of weight and lethargy. During admission, the patient was dehydrated and had decompensate metabolic acidosis with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 14.5%, random blood sugar 26.2 mmol/dL, and ketone 3.2 mmol/dL. The patient was started on insulin therapy and referred to a dietitian on the 2nd day of admission. Although patient complied with the dietitian's plan, his glucose level remained suboptimal and he complained of hunger immediately after meals. Insulin dose and activity level remained same at this moment. Whilst keeping the protein intake constant, protein exchanges were redistributed into snacks and main meals. The patient felt satiety and his blood glucose started to optimise. Pairing protein-rich foods with carbohydrates can help to slow the rise in blood glucose because protein causes slower stomach emptying and helps prevent sharp spikes in blood glucose and takes the edge off hunger.
Conclusion: This reported case showed proper protein distribution with even carbohydrate distribution can help to improve glucose control and satiety in type I diabetic mellitus. It is recommended that further investigations be conducted to provide more concrete evidence on the role of protein distribution in blood glucose control of type I diabetes mellitus.
Key words: Diet control, protein distribution, type I diabetes mellitus
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Introduction: Type I diabetes mellitus patients often complain of hunger and suboptimal blood glucose levels. Proper protein distribution might help to improve glucose control and ultimately, carbohydrate distribution.
Case Presentation: A nine-year-old boy (herein the patient) newly diagnosed with Type I diabetes mellitus with diabetic ketoacidosis, presented nocturia, polydipsia, loss of weight and lethargy. During admission, the patient was dehydrated and had decompensate metabolic acidosis with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 14.5%, random blood sugar 26.2 mmol/dL, and ketone 3.2 mmol/dL. The patient was started on insulin therapy and referred to a dietitian on the 2nd day of admission. Although patient complied with the dietitian's plan, his glucose level remained suboptimal and he complained of hunger immediately after meals. Insulin dose and activity level remained same at this moment. Whilst keeping the protein intake constant, protein exchanges were redistributed into snacks and main meals. The patient felt satiety and his blood glucose started to optimise. Pairing protein-rich foods with carbohydrates can help to slow the rise in blood glucose because protein causes slower stomach emptying and helps prevent sharp spikes in blood glucose and takes the edge off hunger.
Conclusion: This reported case showed proper protein distribution with even carbohydrate distribution can help to improve glucose control and satiety in type I diabetic mellitus. It is recommended that further investigations be conducted to provide more concrete evidence on the role of protein distribution in blood glucose control of type I diabetes mellitus.
Key words: Diet control, protein distribution, type I diabetes mellitus
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Perspectives of Healthcare Professionals and Patients on Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Qualitative Study in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Nur Suraiya AHS, Zahara AM, Nazlena MA, Suzana S, Norazlin MI & Sameeha MJ
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Understanding the perceptions of healthcare professionals and patients regarding gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is important for optimal pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to identify the problems faced by healthcare professionals in the management of GDM and the patients' perspectives as well.
Methods: Two focus groups consisting of thirteen pregnant women diagnosed with GDM at 20-28 weeks of gestation and sixteen healthcare professionals were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The subjects were recruited purposively from a public health clinic in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Audio recordings were made of the interview sessions and transcribed verbatim before being assessed independently by two researchers. The NVivo 10.0 programme was used to extract key themes.
Results: Five emergent themes consisting of views from both groups of subjects were identified. They were: (1) perceived patients' non-adherence to medical advice versus patients' own negligence; (2) poor appetite control versus patients' poor temptation control; (3) patients' lack of knowledge versus confusing information provided by healthcare staff; (4) patients 'giving up' versus being in a non-supportive environment; and (5) patients being in denial versus the disappointment when required to control diet.
Conclusion: This study revealed conflicting perspectives between pregnant mothers with GDM and the healthcare staff in managing these patients. There is a need to promote positive communication between healthcare staff and patients for a better understanding of the needs of GDM patients.
Key words: Barriers, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, pregnancy, qualitative study, self-management
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Introduction: Understanding the perceptions of healthcare professionals and patients regarding gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is important for optimal pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to identify the problems faced by healthcare professionals in the management of GDM and the patients' perspectives as well.
Methods: Two focus groups consisting of thirteen pregnant women diagnosed with GDM at 20-28 weeks of gestation and sixteen healthcare professionals were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The subjects were recruited purposively from a public health clinic in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Audio recordings were made of the interview sessions and transcribed verbatim before being assessed independently by two researchers. The NVivo 10.0 programme was used to extract key themes.
Results: Five emergent themes consisting of views from both groups of subjects were identified. They were: (1) perceived patients' non-adherence to medical advice versus patients' own negligence; (2) poor appetite control versus patients' poor temptation control; (3) patients' lack of knowledge versus confusing information provided by healthcare staff; (4) patients 'giving up' versus being in a non-supportive environment; and (5) patients being in denial versus the disappointment when required to control diet.
Conclusion: This study revealed conflicting perspectives between pregnant mothers with GDM and the healthcare staff in managing these patients. There is a need to promote positive communication between healthcare staff and patients for a better understanding of the needs of GDM patients.
Key words: Barriers, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, pregnancy, qualitative study, self-management
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Acknowledgements
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