MJN 2025 Issues
Malaysian Journal of Nutrition (Mal J Nutr)
Volume 31 No.1, 2025
Table of Content
Demographic status, eating behaviour, and fruit and
vegetable intake in children aged 4 to 6 years
Nurfarhana Diana Mohd Nor & Che Nur Hasniza Che Rahim
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2023-0142
Demographic status, eating behaviour, and fruit and vegetable intake in children aged 4 to 6 years
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Fruits and vegetables (FV) are packed with nutrients; high consumption of FV offers various health benefits. However, consumption is reported to be below recommendation among children worldwide. Current evidence related to environmental and personal factors on FV intake in Malaysia is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine environmental and personal factors associated with FV intake among children aged 4 to 6 years in Malaysia.
Methods: 278 children participated and questionnaires were distributed to seven preschools in Setiu, Terengganu. Parents were asked to complete the questionnaire to assess demographic data, children’s eating behaviour, FV intake and liking.
Results: Girls consumed more vegetables than boys (p=0.041). Parental education was significantly associated with vegetable intake. Frequency of purchasing FV had a significant association with fruit (p=0.014) and vegetable (p<0.001) intakes among children. Meanwhile, frequency of family mealtimes was associated with vegetable intake. Furthermore, children’s eating behaviour was found to be related to FV intake. Three eating behaviour characteristics, namely food responsiveness, satiety responsiveness, and food fussiness, were significantly associated with vegetable intake, while enjoyment of food, food responsiveness, and emotional overeating had significant associations with fruit intake. Additional robust regression analyses demonstrated that only frequency of purchasing FV was a significant predictor of both FV intakes (p=0.018; p=0.001), while gender was a predictor of vegetable intake (p=0.011), but not fruit intake.
Conclusion: Demographic status and children’s eating behaviour were among the factors involved in determining FV intake among children.
Key words: children, child eating behaviour, fruit intake, predictors, vegetable intake
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Introduction: Fruits and vegetables (FV) are packed with nutrients; high consumption of FV offers various health benefits. However, consumption is reported to be below recommendation among children worldwide. Current evidence related to environmental and personal factors on FV intake in Malaysia is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine environmental and personal factors associated with FV intake among children aged 4 to 6 years in Malaysia.
Methods: 278 children participated and questionnaires were distributed to seven preschools in Setiu, Terengganu. Parents were asked to complete the questionnaire to assess demographic data, children’s eating behaviour, FV intake and liking.
Results: Girls consumed more vegetables than boys (p=0.041). Parental education was significantly associated with vegetable intake. Frequency of purchasing FV had a significant association with fruit (p=0.014) and vegetable (p<0.001) intakes among children. Meanwhile, frequency of family mealtimes was associated with vegetable intake. Furthermore, children’s eating behaviour was found to be related to FV intake. Three eating behaviour characteristics, namely food responsiveness, satiety responsiveness, and food fussiness, were significantly associated with vegetable intake, while enjoyment of food, food responsiveness, and emotional overeating had significant associations with fruit intake. Additional robust regression analyses demonstrated that only frequency of purchasing FV was a significant predictor of both FV intakes (p=0.018; p=0.001), while gender was a predictor of vegetable intake (p=0.011), but not fruit intake.
Conclusion: Demographic status and children’s eating behaviour were among the factors involved in determining FV intake among children.
Key words: children, child eating behaviour, fruit intake, predictors, vegetable intake
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Evaluation of commercial probiotic supplements in
Malaysia for registration status, labelling compliance,
and probiotic contents
Shin Yuh Lee, Siok Koon Yeo & Caroline Lin Lin Chua
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0030
Evaluation of commercial probiotic supplements in Malaysia for registration status, labelling compliance, and probiotic contents
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The global probiotics market is growing rapidly due to increasing consumer demands for functional foods and increased awareness of the importance of gut health. However, previous studies have raised concerns about the labelling, quality, and safety of commercial probiotic products available worldwide. There are limited studies focusing on probiotic supplements sold in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine if these probiotic supplements are registered and labelled according to the guidelines by the National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA), Ministry of Health Malaysia, and to identify common probiotic strains found in these products.
Methods: A total of 103 probiotic products sold at pharmacies in Klang Valley, Malaysia and online shopping platforms were included in this study. Product labels were examined for the presence of holographic security labels and other labelling requirements set by NPRA. Data were collected between January and March 2022.
Results: 81.6% of probiotic supplements sold in Malaysia were registered with NPRA; 70% were fully labelled according to NPRA guidelines, while the rest lacked one or more standard labelling criteria. Mislabelling of probiotic contents was found in 44.7% of probiotic supplements sold in Malaysia, whereby errors were detected in the probiotic nomenclature. The most common probiotic species in these supplements were Lactobacillus acidophilus (61.2%), followed by Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (50.5%), and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (46.6%).
Conclusion: While most probiotic supplements sold in Malaysia were registered under NPRA and properly labelled, the availability of unregistered products warrants consumers to make more informed choices about the selection of their purchases.
Key words: labelling compliance, National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA), probiotics, probiotic supplements, registration
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Introduction: The global probiotics market is growing rapidly due to increasing consumer demands for functional foods and increased awareness of the importance of gut health. However, previous studies have raised concerns about the labelling, quality, and safety of commercial probiotic products available worldwide. There are limited studies focusing on probiotic supplements sold in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine if these probiotic supplements are registered and labelled according to the guidelines by the National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA), Ministry of Health Malaysia, and to identify common probiotic strains found in these products.
Methods: A total of 103 probiotic products sold at pharmacies in Klang Valley, Malaysia and online shopping platforms were included in this study. Product labels were examined for the presence of holographic security labels and other labelling requirements set by NPRA. Data were collected between January and March 2022.
Results: 81.6% of probiotic supplements sold in Malaysia were registered with NPRA; 70% were fully labelled according to NPRA guidelines, while the rest lacked one or more standard labelling criteria. Mislabelling of probiotic contents was found in 44.7% of probiotic supplements sold in Malaysia, whereby errors were detected in the probiotic nomenclature. The most common probiotic species in these supplements were Lactobacillus acidophilus (61.2%), followed by Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (50.5%), and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (46.6%).
Conclusion: While most probiotic supplements sold in Malaysia were registered under NPRA and properly labelled, the availability of unregistered products warrants consumers to make more informed choices about the selection of their purchases.
Key words: labelling compliance, National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA), probiotics, probiotic supplements, registration
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Diet quality and its correlation with blood cholesterol
levels in young adults in Indonesia
Hesti Permata Sari, Apoina Kartini, Yudhi Dharmawan, Nurjazuli
Nurjazuli, Afina Rachma Sulistyaning, Elok Widyaningtyas
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2023-0144
Diet quality and its correlation with blood cholesterol levels in young adults in Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia is increasing, especially in young adults. Poor diet quality can lead to increased blood cholesterol levels. This study aimed to describe diet quality and investigate the correlation of its components with blood cholesterol levels.
Methods: gate the correlation of its components with blood cholesterol levels. Methods: The design of this study was cross-sectional, involving 100 young adults (males and females) aged 19-22 years, chosen using purposive sampling based on inclusion criteria. Diet quality data were collected using a 3x24-hour food record and assessed using the USAadapted Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) comprising 11 components. Data of AHEI’s components were analysed using Pearson’s Product Moment, Spearman’s rank test, and multiple linear regression.
Results: All young adults’ diet quality (100%) had a score in the ‘needed improvement’ category (<76.2). There were no significant correlations between fruits (r=-0.129, p=0.200), tubers and cereals (r=- 0.071, p=0.482), nuts and legumes (r=0.169, p=0.093), red processed meat (r=- 0.043, p=0.670), omega-3 (r=0.022, p=0.831), polyunsaturated fatty acids (r=-0.056, p=0.581), sodium (r=-0.061, p=0.544), and alcohol with blood cholesterol levels. However, there was a significant correlation between vegetables (r=-0.226, p=0.024), sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) (r=0.388, p<0.001), and trans fat (r=0.237, p=0.018) with blood cholesterol levels.
Conclusion: Consumption of vegetables was associated with decreased blood cholesterol levels, while SSB and trans fat consumption were associated with increased blood cholesterol levels.
Key words: AHEI, cholesterol, diet quality, young adult
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Introduction: The prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia is increasing, especially in young adults. Poor diet quality can lead to increased blood cholesterol levels. This study aimed to describe diet quality and investigate the correlation of its components with blood cholesterol levels.
Methods: gate the correlation of its components with blood cholesterol levels. Methods: The design of this study was cross-sectional, involving 100 young adults (males and females) aged 19-22 years, chosen using purposive sampling based on inclusion criteria. Diet quality data were collected using a 3x24-hour food record and assessed using the USAadapted Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) comprising 11 components. Data of AHEI’s components were analysed using Pearson’s Product Moment, Spearman’s rank test, and multiple linear regression.
Results: All young adults’ diet quality (100%) had a score in the ‘needed improvement’ category (<76.2). There were no significant correlations between fruits (r=-0.129, p=0.200), tubers and cereals (r=- 0.071, p=0.482), nuts and legumes (r=0.169, p=0.093), red processed meat (r=- 0.043, p=0.670), omega-3 (r=0.022, p=0.831), polyunsaturated fatty acids (r=-0.056, p=0.581), sodium (r=-0.061, p=0.544), and alcohol with blood cholesterol levels. However, there was a significant correlation between vegetables (r=-0.226, p=0.024), sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) (r=0.388, p<0.001), and trans fat (r=0.237, p=0.018) with blood cholesterol levels.
Conclusion: Consumption of vegetables was associated with decreased blood cholesterol levels, while SSB and trans fat consumption were associated with increased blood cholesterol levels.
Key words: AHEI, cholesterol, diet quality, young adult
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Female athlete triad syndrome: A bibliometric analysis
Maria Ulfa, Meiky Fredianto, Roslee Rajikan, Merve Ilhan-Esgin & Esti
Widiasih
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0016
Female athlete triad syndrome: A bibliometric analysis
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Menstrual disruption, lack of energy availability (with or without an eating disorder), and decreased bone mineral density are collectively known as the female athlete triad. It is common among young women who engage in athletic activities. This study aimed to identify the female athlete triad patterns and provide nutritional recommendations for female athletes to prevent triad syndrome.
Methods: This study used a quantitative method with a bibliometric study approach. The inclusion criteria were document type ‘Article,’ publication stage ‘Fully published articles,’ source type ‘Journal,’ and language ‘English,’ from 2018-2024. Data were analysed using Scopus, VOSviewer, Nvivo 12 Plus, and Rstudio.
Results: Research on female athlete triad syndrome showed a notable increase in 2014 and 2022. The United States (52 papers), Canada (ten papers), and Japan (nine papers) were the leading contributors. Five key clusters were identified: energy and metabolism, bone mineral density, menstrual disorders, sports injuries, and athlete performance. To effectively address the nutritional needs of female athletes and mitigate the risk of triad syndrome, it is essential to consider these five key clusters. The development of the triad in female athletes is primarily due to insufficient nutrition and calorie intakes, leading to a negative energy balance.
Conclusion: There is still much to learn, but recent research has focused on minimising risks and maximising benefits for young female athletes by addressing the key clusters identified in this study. Healthcare professionals should educate patients, parents, and coaches about female athletes’ potential challenges and the best strategies to support them.
Key words: female athletes, nutrition, triad syndrome
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Introduction: Menstrual disruption, lack of energy availability (with or without an eating disorder), and decreased bone mineral density are collectively known as the female athlete triad. It is common among young women who engage in athletic activities. This study aimed to identify the female athlete triad patterns and provide nutritional recommendations for female athletes to prevent triad syndrome.
Methods: This study used a quantitative method with a bibliometric study approach. The inclusion criteria were document type ‘Article,’ publication stage ‘Fully published articles,’ source type ‘Journal,’ and language ‘English,’ from 2018-2024. Data were analysed using Scopus, VOSviewer, Nvivo 12 Plus, and Rstudio.
Results: Research on female athlete triad syndrome showed a notable increase in 2014 and 2022. The United States (52 papers), Canada (ten papers), and Japan (nine papers) were the leading contributors. Five key clusters were identified: energy and metabolism, bone mineral density, menstrual disorders, sports injuries, and athlete performance. To effectively address the nutritional needs of female athletes and mitigate the risk of triad syndrome, it is essential to consider these five key clusters. The development of the triad in female athletes is primarily due to insufficient nutrition and calorie intakes, leading to a negative energy balance.
Conclusion: There is still much to learn, but recent research has focused on minimising risks and maximising benefits for young female athletes by addressing the key clusters identified in this study. Healthcare professionals should educate patients, parents, and coaches about female athletes’ potential challenges and the best strategies to support them.
Key words: female athletes, nutrition, triad syndrome
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Development of value-added ragi barfi by incorporating
mudakathan (Cardiospermum halicacabum) and
evaluation of its sensory, shelf life and nutrient
analysis
Saraswathi Srinivasan, Hema Thirvangam Henry & Hemamalini Arambakkam
Janardhanam
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0053
Development of value-added ragi barfi by incorporating mudakathan (Cardiospermum halicacabum) and evaluation of its sensory, shelf life and nutrient analysis
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Insufficient dietary calcium intake has resulted in calcium deficiency affecting half of the population, which has implications for bone strength and an increased risk of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. Barfi made from ragi flour and mudakathan leaves powder provides various benefits, including antioxidants, anti-arthritic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. The present research aimed to develop ragi barfi incorporating mudakathan (Cardiospermum halicacabum) and to evaluate its sensory acceptability, as well as to analyse the micronutrient (calcium and vitamin D) and macronutrient contents of the developed products.
Methods: Barfis were prepared using standard procedures, with one group made without mudakathan leaves powder (T0 Control) and three variations (T1, T2, and T3) made with mudakathan leaves powder in proportions of 5 grams, 10 grams, and 15 grams. These barfis were then evaluated by thirty panellists using a nine-point hedonic scale. The accepted product underwent nutrient analysis, microbial analysis for shelf life, and cost analysis. The samples were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Results: In the sensory evaluation, three variations (T1, T2, T3) were considered; T3 was ultimately selected based on sensory and nutritional analysis. The barfi prepared with 15 grams of mudakathan was found to be highly acceptable in all quality attributes and demonstrated good storage ability with a shelf life of one month.
Conclusion: This indicated that the efficient combination of mudakathan and “poor man’s millet” can be utilised to reach households and address public health by promoting bone strength.
Key words: barfi, calcium, finger millet, mudakathan (Cardiospermum halicacabum), sensory evaluation
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Introduction: Insufficient dietary calcium intake has resulted in calcium deficiency affecting half of the population, which has implications for bone strength and an increased risk of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. Barfi made from ragi flour and mudakathan leaves powder provides various benefits, including antioxidants, anti-arthritic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. The present research aimed to develop ragi barfi incorporating mudakathan (Cardiospermum halicacabum) and to evaluate its sensory acceptability, as well as to analyse the micronutrient (calcium and vitamin D) and macronutrient contents of the developed products.
Methods: Barfis were prepared using standard procedures, with one group made without mudakathan leaves powder (T0 Control) and three variations (T1, T2, and T3) made with mudakathan leaves powder in proportions of 5 grams, 10 grams, and 15 grams. These barfis were then evaluated by thirty panellists using a nine-point hedonic scale. The accepted product underwent nutrient analysis, microbial analysis for shelf life, and cost analysis. The samples were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Results: In the sensory evaluation, three variations (T1, T2, T3) were considered; T3 was ultimately selected based on sensory and nutritional analysis. The barfi prepared with 15 grams of mudakathan was found to be highly acceptable in all quality attributes and demonstrated good storage ability with a shelf life of one month.
Conclusion: This indicated that the efficient combination of mudakathan and “poor man’s millet” can be utilised to reach households and address public health by promoting bone strength.
Key words: barfi, calcium, finger millet, mudakathan (Cardiospermum halicacabum), sensory evaluation
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Zinc deficiency and its correlates among infants aged
6-11 months in rural areas of Thanh Hoa province,
Vietnam
Van Doanh Pham, Thi Minh Nguyet Tran, Thi Thuy Dung Le, Van Chuyen
Hoang, Tuyet Thi Le & Thuy Nga Tran
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0097
Zinc deficiency and its correlates among infants aged 6-11 months in rural areas of Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Zinc deficiency remains prevalent among children in developing countries and is associated with stunting, which negatively impacts children’s growth and development. This study describes zinc deficiency status among infants in selected communes in Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam, in April 2020.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted, with random selection of 360 children aged 6 to 11 months. General information was collected through interviews with mothers/caregivers using pre-designed questionnaire. Zinc and ferritin concentrations were analysed using laboratory quantitative tests. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with zinc deficiency.
Results: Mean zinc concentration was 9.0 mmol/L, with proportion of zinc deficiency at 71.7% (95% CI: 66.7%–76.3%), iron deficiency 16.4% (95% CI: 12.5%–20.0%) and stunting 17.8% (95% CI: 14.0%–22.1%). Several factors were found to be significantly associated with zinc deficiency: non-exclusively breastfed children aged under 6 months (OR=1.88; 95% CI: 1.09–3.24); children with diarrhoea (OR=2.33; 95% CI: 1.01–5.35); children with acute respiratory infections (OR=2.35; 95% CI: 1.04– 5.30); and mothers who did not take micronutrient supplements during pregnancy (OR=2.02; 95% CI: 1.19–3.44), (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Zinc deficiency was common in infants 6–11 months old in this study. Therefore, early interventions through dietary diversification and supplementation are warranted. Collaboration with public health programmes is vital to educate caregivers on better child nutrition and care practices, and enhance the effectiveness of prevention.
Key words: infant aged 6 to 11 months, rural area, zinc deficiency status
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Introduction: Zinc deficiency remains prevalent among children in developing countries and is associated with stunting, which negatively impacts children’s growth and development. This study describes zinc deficiency status among infants in selected communes in Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam, in April 2020.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted, with random selection of 360 children aged 6 to 11 months. General information was collected through interviews with mothers/caregivers using pre-designed questionnaire. Zinc and ferritin concentrations were analysed using laboratory quantitative tests. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with zinc deficiency.
Results: Mean zinc concentration was 9.0 mmol/L, with proportion of zinc deficiency at 71.7% (95% CI: 66.7%–76.3%), iron deficiency 16.4% (95% CI: 12.5%–20.0%) and stunting 17.8% (95% CI: 14.0%–22.1%). Several factors were found to be significantly associated with zinc deficiency: non-exclusively breastfed children aged under 6 months (OR=1.88; 95% CI: 1.09–3.24); children with diarrhoea (OR=2.33; 95% CI: 1.01–5.35); children with acute respiratory infections (OR=2.35; 95% CI: 1.04– 5.30); and mothers who did not take micronutrient supplements during pregnancy (OR=2.02; 95% CI: 1.19–3.44), (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Zinc deficiency was common in infants 6–11 months old in this study. Therefore, early interventions through dietary diversification and supplementation are warranted. Collaboration with public health programmes is vital to educate caregivers on better child nutrition and care practices, and enhance the effectiveness of prevention.
Key words: infant aged 6 to 11 months, rural area, zinc deficiency status
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Evaluating the effects of goat’s milk on inflammatory
responses in rat model with gastritis
Atun Farihatun, Kusmardi Kusmardi, Ari Estuningtyas & Mohd Nazil
Salleh
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0059
Evaluating the effects of goat’s milk on inflammatory responses in rat model with gastritis
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Gastritis is a health issue that can lead to various complications, including chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric metaplasia/dysplasia, iron deficiency anaemia, gastric bleeding, gastric perforation, and gastric cancer. Goat’s milk contains bioactive ingredients, particularly proteins, that offer significant health benefits. This study aimed to examine the potential of goat’s milk as an antiinflammatory agent in gastritis rat models.
Methods: This research used a preclinical experimental design. A total of 25 rats were divided into five groups (n=5 per group): three groups received goat’s milk at doses of 0.5 ml, 1 ml, and 1.5 ml daily for 30 days, followed by ethanol administration (80%, 1 ml) for three consecutive days; one group received no treatment and was not exposed to ethanol; and one group received ethanol without prior goat’s milk administration. Interleukin-6 (IL- 6), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokines were analysed using the Luminex Multiplex Bead Assay.
Results: Administering 1.0 ml and 1.5 ml of goat’s milk for 30 days increased IL-10 and inhibited the increase in IL-6 and TNF-α in gastritis rat models compared with administering 0.5 ml of goat’s milk. Histological examination revealed a marked improvement in integrity of gastric mucosal layer, with reduced signs of cellular damage, less infiltration of inflammatory cells, and an increase in thickness of mucosal layer. These histological findings correlated with observed cytokine changes, suggesting that goat’s milk exerts a protective effect on gastric mucosa, potentially through immunomodulatory mechanisms.
Conclusion: Goat’s milk showed protective and anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of gastritis, indicating its potential as a supportive dietary component for gastric health, pending further research.
Key words: cytokines, ethanol, gastritis, goat milk, inflammatory
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Introduction: Gastritis is a health issue that can lead to various complications, including chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric metaplasia/dysplasia, iron deficiency anaemia, gastric bleeding, gastric perforation, and gastric cancer. Goat’s milk contains bioactive ingredients, particularly proteins, that offer significant health benefits. This study aimed to examine the potential of goat’s milk as an antiinflammatory agent in gastritis rat models.
Methods: This research used a preclinical experimental design. A total of 25 rats were divided into five groups (n=5 per group): three groups received goat’s milk at doses of 0.5 ml, 1 ml, and 1.5 ml daily for 30 days, followed by ethanol administration (80%, 1 ml) for three consecutive days; one group received no treatment and was not exposed to ethanol; and one group received ethanol without prior goat’s milk administration. Interleukin-6 (IL- 6), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokines were analysed using the Luminex Multiplex Bead Assay.
Results: Administering 1.0 ml and 1.5 ml of goat’s milk for 30 days increased IL-10 and inhibited the increase in IL-6 and TNF-α in gastritis rat models compared with administering 0.5 ml of goat’s milk. Histological examination revealed a marked improvement in integrity of gastric mucosal layer, with reduced signs of cellular damage, less infiltration of inflammatory cells, and an increase in thickness of mucosal layer. These histological findings correlated with observed cytokine changes, suggesting that goat’s milk exerts a protective effect on gastric mucosa, potentially through immunomodulatory mechanisms.
Conclusion: Goat’s milk showed protective and anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of gastritis, indicating its potential as a supportive dietary component for gastric health, pending further research.
Key words: cytokines, ethanol, gastritis, goat milk, inflammatory
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Determinants of energy availability and nutrient
intakes among overweight and obese Malaysian adults
during COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study
Norsuriani Samsudin, Nur Syamsina Ahmad, Foong Kiew Ooi, Azidah
Abdul Kadir & Nur Karyatee Kassim
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0062
Determinants of energy availability and nutrient intakes among overweight and obese Malaysian adults during COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Unhealthy lifestyle, especially during COVID-19, contributed to weight gain. This study investigated energy availability and nutrient intakes in overweight and obese Malaysian adults during lockdown.
Methods: Fifty participants (overweight: 30.2±0.9 years old, body mass index (BMI) 27.7±0.2 kg.m-2; obese: 27.9±1.9 years old, BMI 30.0±0.2 kg.m-2) recorded their food intake using 24-hour diet recall. Total energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intakes were analysed with independent t-test.
Results: Energy intake exceeded expenditure across all groups. Overweight males and females consumed 3376±55 kcal/day and 3293±68 kcal/day, while obese males and females consumed 3442±70 kcal/ day and 2915±48 kcal/day, respectively. Overweight males expended 2223–2299 kcal/day, while obese males expended 2312–2431 kcal/day. Overweight females expended 1901–1960 kcal/day and obese females expended 1971–2139 kcal/day. Energy availability varied, with overweight males at 24–26 kcal/kg fat-free mass (FFM)/day and obese males at 19–22 kcal/kg FFM/day, while female values ranged from 15 to 31 kcal/kg FFM/day. Fat intake exceeded recommended values, while vitamin D, C, and K intakes were inadequate. Sugar and phosphorus intakes surpassed recommendations.
Conclusion: During COVID-19 lockdown, overweight and obese Malaysian adults had higher energy intake than energy expenditure, contributing to positive energy balance and potential weight gain. Fat intake exceeded recommendations, while micronutrients, such as vitamins D, C, and K, were deficient. Energy intake (measured) and energy expenditure (calculated) were significant determinants of energy availability.
Key words: COVID-19, energy availability, nutrients intake, obesity, overweight
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Introduction: Unhealthy lifestyle, especially during COVID-19, contributed to weight gain. This study investigated energy availability and nutrient intakes in overweight and obese Malaysian adults during lockdown.
Methods: Fifty participants (overweight: 30.2±0.9 years old, body mass index (BMI) 27.7±0.2 kg.m-2; obese: 27.9±1.9 years old, BMI 30.0±0.2 kg.m-2) recorded their food intake using 24-hour diet recall. Total energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intakes were analysed with independent t-test.
Results: Energy intake exceeded expenditure across all groups. Overweight males and females consumed 3376±55 kcal/day and 3293±68 kcal/day, while obese males and females consumed 3442±70 kcal/ day and 2915±48 kcal/day, respectively. Overweight males expended 2223–2299 kcal/day, while obese males expended 2312–2431 kcal/day. Overweight females expended 1901–1960 kcal/day and obese females expended 1971–2139 kcal/day. Energy availability varied, with overweight males at 24–26 kcal/kg fat-free mass (FFM)/day and obese males at 19–22 kcal/kg FFM/day, while female values ranged from 15 to 31 kcal/kg FFM/day. Fat intake exceeded recommended values, while vitamin D, C, and K intakes were inadequate. Sugar and phosphorus intakes surpassed recommendations.
Conclusion: During COVID-19 lockdown, overweight and obese Malaysian adults had higher energy intake than energy expenditure, contributing to positive energy balance and potential weight gain. Fat intake exceeded recommendations, while micronutrients, such as vitamins D, C, and K, were deficient. Energy intake (measured) and energy expenditure (calculated) were significant determinants of energy availability.
Key words: COVID-19, energy availability, nutrients intake, obesity, overweight
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Utilising mHealth to improve health literacy on chronic
kidney disease among diabetics: Malaysian Nutritional,
Emotional and Physical Health literacy for optimal
Renal Outcome (My-NEPHRO) randomised controlled
trial protocols
Nurulhuda Mat Hassan, Yuzana Mohd Yusop, Sharifah Wajihah Wafa Syed
Saadun Tarek Wafa, Ahmad Kamal Ariffin Abdul Jamil, Norwati Daud, Siti
Norazlina Juhari1, Nurul Izza Yunus1, Nur Aiza Idris1 & Nurul Azreen Yusof
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0086
Utilising mHealth to improve health literacy on chronic kidney disease among diabetics: Malaysian Nutritional, Emotional and Physical Health literacy for optimal Renal Outcome (My-NEPHRO) randomised controlled trial protocols
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Technology-integrated intervention approaches are considered convenient, accessible, and a more scalable way to engage a larger population. The objective of this paper is to present the protocols for a randomised controlled trial that evaluates the efficacy of a health literacy intervention module (MyNEPHRO) via a mobile application, which aims to improve health literacy, quality of life, and medical outcomes among diabetes patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Methods: This will be a randomised controlled interventional trial. MyNEPHRO module will be developed, validated, and integrated within a mobile application. The mobile app intervention is to be delivered for six months with multiple approaches. Eligible adults aged more than 18 years old with diabetes and non-dialysis chronic kidney disease will be assigned to one of the two study groups (intervention or usual care control groups) in a 1:1 ratio using simple randomisation. Repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) will be used to examine the changes over time within and between groups.
Results: Changes in health literacy level (primary outcomes), and changes in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), renal function, and quality of life (secondary outcomes) will be assessed at three and six months.
Conclusion: This study protocol describes a digital health literacy intervention for CKD among diabetics in Malaysia, determining the effect of this intervention on health literacy, HbA1c level, renal disease progression, and quality of life in diabetics with CKD. Results from this trial will provide insights in improving health literacy regarding CKD among diabetics in Malaysia.
Key words: chronic kidney disease, diabetes, health literacy, mhealth
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Introduction: Technology-integrated intervention approaches are considered convenient, accessible, and a more scalable way to engage a larger population. The objective of this paper is to present the protocols for a randomised controlled trial that evaluates the efficacy of a health literacy intervention module (MyNEPHRO) via a mobile application, which aims to improve health literacy, quality of life, and medical outcomes among diabetes patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Methods: This will be a randomised controlled interventional trial. MyNEPHRO module will be developed, validated, and integrated within a mobile application. The mobile app intervention is to be delivered for six months with multiple approaches. Eligible adults aged more than 18 years old with diabetes and non-dialysis chronic kidney disease will be assigned to one of the two study groups (intervention or usual care control groups) in a 1:1 ratio using simple randomisation. Repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) will be used to examine the changes over time within and between groups.
Results: Changes in health literacy level (primary outcomes), and changes in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), renal function, and quality of life (secondary outcomes) will be assessed at three and six months.
Conclusion: This study protocol describes a digital health literacy intervention for CKD among diabetics in Malaysia, determining the effect of this intervention on health literacy, HbA1c level, renal disease progression, and quality of life in diabetics with CKD. Results from this trial will provide insights in improving health literacy regarding CKD among diabetics in Malaysia.
Key words: chronic kidney disease, diabetes, health literacy, mhealth
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Mothers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on infant
and young child feeding in selected municipalities in
Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao,
Philippines: A cross-sectional study
Maria Theresa M Talavera, Angelina R Bustos, Divine Grace C Domingo,
Nancy A Tandang, Leila S. Africa, Angelina DR. Felix, Anna Teresa O Orillo,
Warren TK Lee & Maria Cecile F. Pastores
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0065
Mothers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on infant and young child feeding in selected municipalities in Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, Philippines: A cross-sectional study
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Optimal infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices are essential for improving the nutritional status of young children. In Maguindanao, Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), there is a high prevalence of malnutrition among infants and young children. Information on mothers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding IYCF is limited. This study aimed to assess the current KAP of mothers regarding IYCF and explore the factors influencing these practices.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 320 mothers of children aged 6 - 23 months using a pre-tested questionnaire. Data were collected by trained researchers.
Results: Mothers showed strong knowledge on breastfeeding, with over 90.0% recognising its importance during illness and proper breastfeeding techniques. They also have positive attitudes, with 99.4% acknowledging breastfeeding’s health benefits, 96.9% its economic value, and 96.8% its role in emotional bonding. Analysis showed significant positive association between education and attitude (p=0.001), while there were no significant association with knowledge (p=0.058) and practice (p=0.091). Income levels showed no significant associations with knowledge (p=0.388), attitude (p=0.061), and practice (p=0.419).
Conclusion: Addressing knowledge and attitude gaps through nutrition messages could enhance IYCF practices among mothers in Maguindanao, BARMM.
Key words: attitudes, Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, infant and young child feeding, knowledge, practices
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Introduction: Optimal infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices are essential for improving the nutritional status of young children. In Maguindanao, Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), there is a high prevalence of malnutrition among infants and young children. Information on mothers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding IYCF is limited. This study aimed to assess the current KAP of mothers regarding IYCF and explore the factors influencing these practices.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 320 mothers of children aged 6 - 23 months using a pre-tested questionnaire. Data were collected by trained researchers.
Results: Mothers showed strong knowledge on breastfeeding, with over 90.0% recognising its importance during illness and proper breastfeeding techniques. They also have positive attitudes, with 99.4% acknowledging breastfeeding’s health benefits, 96.9% its economic value, and 96.8% its role in emotional bonding. Analysis showed significant positive association between education and attitude (p=0.001), while there were no significant association with knowledge (p=0.058) and practice (p=0.091). Income levels showed no significant associations with knowledge (p=0.388), attitude (p=0.061), and practice (p=0.419).
Conclusion: Addressing knowledge and attitude gaps through nutrition messages could enhance IYCF practices among mothers in Maguindanao, BARMM.
Key words: attitudes, Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, infant and young child feeding, knowledge, practices
Download PDF