MJN 2025 Issues
Malaysian Journal of Nutrition (Mal J Nutr)
Volume 31 No.1, 2025
Table of Content
Demographic status, eating behaviour, and fruit and
vegetable intake in children aged 4 to 6 years
Nurfarhana Diana Mohd Nor & Che Nur Hasniza Che Rahim
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2023-0142
Demographic status, eating behaviour, and fruit and vegetable intake in children aged 4 to 6 years
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Fruits and vegetables (FV) are packed with nutrients; high consumption of FV offers various health benefits. However, consumption is reported to be below recommendation among children worldwide. Current evidence related to environmental and personal factors on FV intake in Malaysia is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine environmental and personal factors associated with FV intake among children aged 4 to 6 years in Malaysia.
Methods: 278 children participated and questionnaires were distributed to seven preschools in Setiu, Terengganu. Parents were asked to complete the questionnaire to assess demographic data, children’s eating behaviour, FV intake and liking.
Results: Girls consumed more vegetables than boys (p=0.041). Parental education was significantly associated with vegetable intake. Frequency of purchasing FV had a significant association with fruit (p=0.014) and vegetable (p<0.001) intakes among children. Meanwhile, frequency of family mealtimes was associated with vegetable intake. Furthermore, children’s eating behaviour was found to be related to FV intake. Three eating behaviour characteristics, namely food responsiveness, satiety responsiveness, and food fussiness, were significantly associated with vegetable intake, while enjoyment of food, food responsiveness, and emotional overeating had significant associations with fruit intake. Additional robust regression analyses demonstrated that only frequency of purchasing FV was a significant predictor of both FV intakes (p=0.018; p=0.001), while gender was a predictor of vegetable intake (p=0.011), but not fruit intake.
Conclusion: Demographic status and children’s eating behaviour were among the factors involved in determining FV intake among children.
Key words: children, child eating behaviour, fruit intake, predictors, vegetable intake
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Introduction: Fruits and vegetables (FV) are packed with nutrients; high consumption of FV offers various health benefits. However, consumption is reported to be below recommendation among children worldwide. Current evidence related to environmental and personal factors on FV intake in Malaysia is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine environmental and personal factors associated with FV intake among children aged 4 to 6 years in Malaysia.
Methods: 278 children participated and questionnaires were distributed to seven preschools in Setiu, Terengganu. Parents were asked to complete the questionnaire to assess demographic data, children’s eating behaviour, FV intake and liking.
Results: Girls consumed more vegetables than boys (p=0.041). Parental education was significantly associated with vegetable intake. Frequency of purchasing FV had a significant association with fruit (p=0.014) and vegetable (p<0.001) intakes among children. Meanwhile, frequency of family mealtimes was associated with vegetable intake. Furthermore, children’s eating behaviour was found to be related to FV intake. Three eating behaviour characteristics, namely food responsiveness, satiety responsiveness, and food fussiness, were significantly associated with vegetable intake, while enjoyment of food, food responsiveness, and emotional overeating had significant associations with fruit intake. Additional robust regression analyses demonstrated that only frequency of purchasing FV was a significant predictor of both FV intakes (p=0.018; p=0.001), while gender was a predictor of vegetable intake (p=0.011), but not fruit intake.
Conclusion: Demographic status and children’s eating behaviour were among the factors involved in determining FV intake among children.
Key words: children, child eating behaviour, fruit intake, predictors, vegetable intake
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Evaluation of commercial probiotic supplements in
Malaysia for registration status, labelling compliance,
and probiotic contents
Shin Yuh Lee, Siok Koon Yeo & Caroline Lin Lin Chua
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0030
Evaluation of commercial probiotic supplements in Malaysia for registration status, labelling compliance, and probiotic contents
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The global probiotics market is growing rapidly due to increasing consumer demands for functional foods and increased awareness of the importance of gut health. However, previous studies have raised concerns about the labelling, quality, and safety of commercial probiotic products available worldwide. There are limited studies focusing on probiotic supplements sold in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine if these probiotic supplements are registered and labelled according to the guidelines by the National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA), Ministry of Health Malaysia, and to identify common probiotic strains found in these products.
Methods: A total of 103 probiotic products sold at pharmacies in Klang Valley, Malaysia and online shopping platforms were included in this study. Product labels were examined for the presence of holographic security labels and other labelling requirements set by NPRA. Data were collected between January and March 2022.
Results: 81.6% of probiotic supplements sold in Malaysia were registered with NPRA; 70% were fully labelled according to NPRA guidelines, while the rest lacked one or more standard labelling criteria. Mislabelling of probiotic contents was found in 44.7% of probiotic supplements sold in Malaysia, whereby errors were detected in the probiotic nomenclature. The most common probiotic species in these supplements were Lactobacillus acidophilus (61.2%), followed by Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (50.5%), and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (46.6%).
Conclusion: While most probiotic supplements sold in Malaysia were registered under NPRA and properly labelled, the availability of unregistered products warrants consumers to make more informed choices about the selection of their purchases.
Key words: labelling compliance, National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA), probiotics, probiotic supplements, registration
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Introduction: The global probiotics market is growing rapidly due to increasing consumer demands for functional foods and increased awareness of the importance of gut health. However, previous studies have raised concerns about the labelling, quality, and safety of commercial probiotic products available worldwide. There are limited studies focusing on probiotic supplements sold in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine if these probiotic supplements are registered and labelled according to the guidelines by the National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA), Ministry of Health Malaysia, and to identify common probiotic strains found in these products.
Methods: A total of 103 probiotic products sold at pharmacies in Klang Valley, Malaysia and online shopping platforms were included in this study. Product labels were examined for the presence of holographic security labels and other labelling requirements set by NPRA. Data were collected between January and March 2022.
Results: 81.6% of probiotic supplements sold in Malaysia were registered with NPRA; 70% were fully labelled according to NPRA guidelines, while the rest lacked one or more standard labelling criteria. Mislabelling of probiotic contents was found in 44.7% of probiotic supplements sold in Malaysia, whereby errors were detected in the probiotic nomenclature. The most common probiotic species in these supplements were Lactobacillus acidophilus (61.2%), followed by Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (50.5%), and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (46.6%).
Conclusion: While most probiotic supplements sold in Malaysia were registered under NPRA and properly labelled, the availability of unregistered products warrants consumers to make more informed choices about the selection of their purchases.
Key words: labelling compliance, National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA), probiotics, probiotic supplements, registration
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Diet quality and its correlation with blood cholesterol levels in young adults in Indonesia
Hesti Permata Sari, Apoina Kartini, Yudhi Dharmawan, Nurjazuli Nurjazuli, Afina Rachma Sulistyaning, Elok Widyaningtyas
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2023-0144
Diet quality and its correlation with blood cholesterol levels in young adults in Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia is increasing, especially in young adults. Poor diet quality can lead to increased blood cholesterol levels. This study aimed to describe diet quality and investigate the correlation of its components with blood cholesterol levels.
Methods: gate the correlation of its components with blood cholesterol levels. Methods: The design of this study was cross-sectional, involving 100 young adults (males and females) aged 19-22 years, chosen using purposive sampling based on inclusion criteria. Diet quality data were collected using a 3x24-hour food record and assessed using the USAadapted Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) comprising 11 components. Data of AHEI’s components were analysed using Pearson’s Product Moment, Spearman’s rank test, and multiple linear regression.
Results: All young adults’ diet quality (100%) had a score in the ‘needed improvement’ category (<76.2). There were no significant correlations between fruits (r=-0.129, p=0.200), tubers and cereals (r=-0.071, p=0.482), nuts and legumes (r=0.169, p=0.093), red processed meat (r=-0.043, p=0.670), omega-3 (r=0.022, p=0.831), polyunsaturated fatty acids (r=-0.056, p=0.581), sodium (r=-0.061, p=0.544), and alcohol with blood cholesterol levels. However, there was a significant correlation between vegetables (r=-0.226, p=0.024), sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) (r=0.388, p<0.001), and trans fat (r=0.237, p=0.018) with blood cholesterol levels.
Conclusion: Consumption of vegetables was associated with decreased blood cholesterol levels, while SSB and trans fat consumption were associated with increased blood cholesterol levels.
Key words: AHEI, cholesterol, diet quality, young adult
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Introduction: The prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia is increasing, especially in young adults. Poor diet quality can lead to increased blood cholesterol levels. This study aimed to describe diet quality and investigate the correlation of its components with blood cholesterol levels.
Methods: gate the correlation of its components with blood cholesterol levels. Methods: The design of this study was cross-sectional, involving 100 young adults (males and females) aged 19-22 years, chosen using purposive sampling based on inclusion criteria. Diet quality data were collected using a 3x24-hour food record and assessed using the USAadapted Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) comprising 11 components. Data of AHEI’s components were analysed using Pearson’s Product Moment, Spearman’s rank test, and multiple linear regression.
Results: All young adults’ diet quality (100%) had a score in the ‘needed improvement’ category (<76.2). There were no significant correlations between fruits (r=-0.129, p=0.200), tubers and cereals (r=-0.071, p=0.482), nuts and legumes (r=0.169, p=0.093), red processed meat (r=-0.043, p=0.670), omega-3 (r=0.022, p=0.831), polyunsaturated fatty acids (r=-0.056, p=0.581), sodium (r=-0.061, p=0.544), and alcohol with blood cholesterol levels. However, there was a significant correlation between vegetables (r=-0.226, p=0.024), sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) (r=0.388, p<0.001), and trans fat (r=0.237, p=0.018) with blood cholesterol levels.
Conclusion: Consumption of vegetables was associated with decreased blood cholesterol levels, while SSB and trans fat consumption were associated with increased blood cholesterol levels.
Key words: AHEI, cholesterol, diet quality, young adult
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Female athlete triad syndrome: A bibliometric analysis
Maria Ulfa, Meiky Fredianto, Roslee Rajikan, Merve Ilhan-Esgin & Esti Widiasih
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0016
Female athlete triad syndrome: A bibliometric analysis
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Menstrual disruption, lack of energy availability (with or without an eating disorder), and decreased bone mineral density are collectively known as the female athlete triad. It is common among young women who engage in athletic activities. This study aimed to identify the female athlete triad patterns and provide nutritional recommendations for female athletes to prevent triad syndrome.
Methods: This study used a quantitative method with a bibliometric study approach. The inclusion criteria were document type ‘Article,’ publication stage ‘Fully published articles,’ source type ‘Journal,’ and language ‘English,’ from 2018-2024. Data were analysed using Scopus, VOSviewer, Nvivo 12 Plus, and Rstudio.
Results: Research on female athlete triad syndrome showed a notable increase in 2014 and 2022. The United States (52 papers), Canada (ten papers), and Japan (nine papers) were the leading contributors. Five key clusters were identified: energy and metabolism, bone mineral density, menstrual disorders, sports injuries, and athlete performance. To effectively address the nutritional needs of female athletes and mitigate the risk of triad syndrome, it is essential to consider these five key clusters. The development of the triad in female athletes is primarily due to insufficient nutrition and calorie intakes, leading to a negative energy balance.
Conclusion: There is still much to learn, but recent research has focused on minimising risks and maximising benefits for young female athletes by addressing the key clusters identified in this study. Healthcare professionals should educate patients, parents, and coaches about female athletes’ potential challenges and the best strategies to support them.
Key words: female athletes, nutrition, triad syndrome
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Introduction: Menstrual disruption, lack of energy availability (with or without an eating disorder), and decreased bone mineral density are collectively known as the female athlete triad. It is common among young women who engage in athletic activities. This study aimed to identify the female athlete triad patterns and provide nutritional recommendations for female athletes to prevent triad syndrome.
Methods: This study used a quantitative method with a bibliometric study approach. The inclusion criteria were document type ‘Article,’ publication stage ‘Fully published articles,’ source type ‘Journal,’ and language ‘English,’ from 2018-2024. Data were analysed using Scopus, VOSviewer, Nvivo 12 Plus, and Rstudio.
Results: Research on female athlete triad syndrome showed a notable increase in 2014 and 2022. The United States (52 papers), Canada (ten papers), and Japan (nine papers) were the leading contributors. Five key clusters were identified: energy and metabolism, bone mineral density, menstrual disorders, sports injuries, and athlete performance. To effectively address the nutritional needs of female athletes and mitigate the risk of triad syndrome, it is essential to consider these five key clusters. The development of the triad in female athletes is primarily due to insufficient nutrition and calorie intakes, leading to a negative energy balance.
Conclusion: There is still much to learn, but recent research has focused on minimising risks and maximising benefits for young female athletes by addressing the key clusters identified in this study. Healthcare professionals should educate patients, parents, and coaches about female athletes’ potential challenges and the best strategies to support them.
Key words: female athletes, nutrition, triad syndrome
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Development of value-added ragi barfi by incorporating mudakathan (Cardiospermum halicacabum) and evaluation of its sensory, shelf life and nutrient analysis
Saraswathi Srinivasan, Hema Thirvangam Henry & Hemamalini Arambakkam Janardhanam
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0053
Development of value-added ragi barfi by incorporating mudakathan (Cardiospermum halicacabum) and evaluation of its sensory, shelf life and nutrient analysis
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Insufficient dietary calcium intake has resulted in calcium deficiency affecting half of the population, which has implications for bone strength and an increased risk of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. Barfi made from ragi flour and mudakathan leaves powder provides various benefits, including antioxidants, anti-arthritic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. The present research aimed to develop ragi barfi incorporating mudakathan (Cardiospermum halicacabum) and to evaluate its sensory acceptability, as well as to analyse the micronutrient (calcium and vitamin D) and macronutrient contents of the developed products.
Methods: Barfis were prepared using standard procedures, with one group made without mudakathan leaves powder (T0 Control) and three variations (T1, T2, and T3) made with mudakathan leaves powder in proportions of 5 grams, 10 grams, and 15 grams. These barfis were then evaluated by thirty panellists using a nine-point hedonic scale. The accepted product underwent nutrient analysis, microbial analysis for shelf life, and cost analysis. The samples were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Results: In the sensory evaluation, three variations (T1, T2, T3) were considered; T3 was ultimately selected based on sensory and nutritional analysis. The barfi prepared with 15 grams of mudakathan was found to be highly acceptable in all quality attributes and demonstrated good storage ability with a shelf life of one month.
Conclusion: This indicated that the efficient combination of mudakathan and “poor man’s millet” can be utilised to reach households and address public health by promoting bone strength.
Key words: barfi, calcium, finger millet, mudakathan (Cardiospermum halicacabum), sensory evaluation
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Introduction: Insufficient dietary calcium intake has resulted in calcium deficiency affecting half of the population, which has implications for bone strength and an increased risk of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. Barfi made from ragi flour and mudakathan leaves powder provides various benefits, including antioxidants, anti-arthritic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. The present research aimed to develop ragi barfi incorporating mudakathan (Cardiospermum halicacabum) and to evaluate its sensory acceptability, as well as to analyse the micronutrient (calcium and vitamin D) and macronutrient contents of the developed products.
Methods: Barfis were prepared using standard procedures, with one group made without mudakathan leaves powder (T0 Control) and three variations (T1, T2, and T3) made with mudakathan leaves powder in proportions of 5 grams, 10 grams, and 15 grams. These barfis were then evaluated by thirty panellists using a nine-point hedonic scale. The accepted product underwent nutrient analysis, microbial analysis for shelf life, and cost analysis. The samples were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Results: In the sensory evaluation, three variations (T1, T2, T3) were considered; T3 was ultimately selected based on sensory and nutritional analysis. The barfi prepared with 15 grams of mudakathan was found to be highly acceptable in all quality attributes and demonstrated good storage ability with a shelf life of one month.
Conclusion: This indicated that the efficient combination of mudakathan and “poor man’s millet” can be utilised to reach households and address public health by promoting bone strength.
Key words: barfi, calcium, finger millet, mudakathan (Cardiospermum halicacabum), sensory evaluation
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Zinc deficiency and its correlates among infants aged 6-11 months in rural areas of Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam
Van Doanh Pham, Thi Minh Nguyet Tran, Thi Thuy Dung Le, Van Chuyen Hoang, Tuyet Thi Le & Thuy Nga Tran
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0097
Zinc deficiency and its correlates among infants aged 6-11 months in rural areas of Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Zinc deficiency remains prevalent among children in developing countries and is associated with stunting, which negatively impacts children’s growth and development. This study describes zinc deficiency status among infants in selected communes in Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam, in April 2020.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted, with random selection of 360 children aged 6 to 11 months. General information was collected through interviews with mothers/caregivers using pre-designed questionnaire. Zinc and ferritin concentrations were analysed using laboratory quantitative tests. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with zinc deficiency.
Results: Mean zinc concentration was 9.0 mmol/L, with proportion of zinc deficiency at 71.7% (95% CI: 66.7%–76.3%), iron deficiency 16.4% (95% CI: 12.5%–20.0%) and stunting 17.8% (95% CI: 14.0%–22.1%). Several factors were found to be significantly associated with zinc deficiency: non-exclusively breastfed children aged under 6 months (OR=1.88; 95% CI: 1.09–3.24); children with diarrhoea (OR=2.33; 95% CI: 1.01–5.35); children with acute respiratory infections (OR=2.35; 95% CI: 1.04– 5.30); and mothers who did not take micronutrient supplements during pregnancy (OR=2.02; 95% CI: 1.19–3.44), (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Zinc deficiency was common in infants 6–11 months old in this study. Therefore, early interventions through dietary diversification and supplementation are warranted. Collaboration with public health programmes is vital to educate caregivers on better child nutrition and care practices, and enhance the effectiveness of prevention.
Key words: infant aged 6 to 11 months, rural area, zinc deficiency status
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Introduction: Zinc deficiency remains prevalent among children in developing countries and is associated with stunting, which negatively impacts children’s growth and development. This study describes zinc deficiency status among infants in selected communes in Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam, in April 2020.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted, with random selection of 360 children aged 6 to 11 months. General information was collected through interviews with mothers/caregivers using pre-designed questionnaire. Zinc and ferritin concentrations were analysed using laboratory quantitative tests. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with zinc deficiency.
Results: Mean zinc concentration was 9.0 mmol/L, with proportion of zinc deficiency at 71.7% (95% CI: 66.7%–76.3%), iron deficiency 16.4% (95% CI: 12.5%–20.0%) and stunting 17.8% (95% CI: 14.0%–22.1%). Several factors were found to be significantly associated with zinc deficiency: non-exclusively breastfed children aged under 6 months (OR=1.88; 95% CI: 1.09–3.24); children with diarrhoea (OR=2.33; 95% CI: 1.01–5.35); children with acute respiratory infections (OR=2.35; 95% CI: 1.04– 5.30); and mothers who did not take micronutrient supplements during pregnancy (OR=2.02; 95% CI: 1.19–3.44), (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Zinc deficiency was common in infants 6–11 months old in this study. Therefore, early interventions through dietary diversification and supplementation are warranted. Collaboration with public health programmes is vital to educate caregivers on better child nutrition and care practices, and enhance the effectiveness of prevention.
Key words: infant aged 6 to 11 months, rural area, zinc deficiency status
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Evaluating the effects of goat’s milk on inflammatory responses in rat model with gastritis
Atun Farihatun, Kusmardi Kusmardi, Ari Estuningtyas & Mohd Nazil Salleh
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0059
Evaluating the effects of goat’s milk on inflammatory responses in rat model with gastritis
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Gastritis is a health issue that can lead to various complications, including chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric metaplasia/dysplasia, iron deficiency anaemia, gastric bleeding, gastric perforation, and gastric cancer. Goat’s milk contains bioactive ingredients, particularly proteins, that offer significant health benefits. This study aimed to examine the potential of goat’s milk as an antiinflammatory agent in gastritis rat models.
Methods: This research used a preclinical experimental design. A total of 25 rats were divided into five groups (n=5 per group): three groups received goat’s milk at doses of 0.5 ml, 1 ml, and 1.5 ml daily for 30 days, followed by ethanol administration (80%, 1 ml) for three consecutive days; one group received no treatment and was not exposed to ethanol; and one group received ethanol without prior goat’s milk administration. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokines were analysed using the Luminex Multiplex Bead Assay.
Results: Administering 1.0 ml and 1.5 ml of goat’s milk for 30 days increased IL-10 and inhibited the increase in IL-6 and TNF-α in gastritis rat models compared with administering 0.5 ml of goat’s milk. Histological examination revealed a marked improvement in integrity of gastric mucosal layer, with reduced signs of cellular damage, less infiltration of inflammatory cells, and an increase in thickness of mucosal layer. These histological findings correlated with observed cytokine changes, suggesting that goat’s milk exerts a protective effect on gastric mucosa, potentially through immunomodulatory mechanisms.
Conclusion: Goat’s milk showed protective and anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of gastritis, indicating its potential as a supportive dietary component for gastric health, pending further research.
Key words: cytokines, ethanol, gastritis, goat milk, inflammatory
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Introduction: Gastritis is a health issue that can lead to various complications, including chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric metaplasia/dysplasia, iron deficiency anaemia, gastric bleeding, gastric perforation, and gastric cancer. Goat’s milk contains bioactive ingredients, particularly proteins, that offer significant health benefits. This study aimed to examine the potential of goat’s milk as an antiinflammatory agent in gastritis rat models.
Methods: This research used a preclinical experimental design. A total of 25 rats were divided into five groups (n=5 per group): three groups received goat’s milk at doses of 0.5 ml, 1 ml, and 1.5 ml daily for 30 days, followed by ethanol administration (80%, 1 ml) for three consecutive days; one group received no treatment and was not exposed to ethanol; and one group received ethanol without prior goat’s milk administration. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokines were analysed using the Luminex Multiplex Bead Assay.
Results: Administering 1.0 ml and 1.5 ml of goat’s milk for 30 days increased IL-10 and inhibited the increase in IL-6 and TNF-α in gastritis rat models compared with administering 0.5 ml of goat’s milk. Histological examination revealed a marked improvement in integrity of gastric mucosal layer, with reduced signs of cellular damage, less infiltration of inflammatory cells, and an increase in thickness of mucosal layer. These histological findings correlated with observed cytokine changes, suggesting that goat’s milk exerts a protective effect on gastric mucosa, potentially through immunomodulatory mechanisms.
Conclusion: Goat’s milk showed protective and anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of gastritis, indicating its potential as a supportive dietary component for gastric health, pending further research.
Key words: cytokines, ethanol, gastritis, goat milk, inflammatory
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Determinants of energy availability and nutrient intakes among overweight and obese Malaysian adults during COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study
Norsuriani Samsudin, Nur Syamsina Ahmad, Foong Kiew Ooi, Azidah Abdul Kadir & Nur Karyatee Kassim
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0062
Determinants of energy availability and nutrient intakes among overweight and obese Malaysian adults during COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Unhealthy lifestyle, especially during COVID-19, contributed to weight gain. This study investigated energy availability and nutrient intakes in overweight and obese Malaysian adults during lockdown.
Methods: Fifty participants (overweight: 30.2±0.9 years old, body mass index (BMI) 27.7±0.2 kg.m-2; obese: 27.9±1.9 years old, BMI 30.0±0.2 kg.m-2) recorded their food intake using 24-hour diet recall. Total energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intakes were analysed with independent t-test.
Results: Energy intake exceeded expenditure across all groups. Overweight males and females consumed 3376±55 kcal/day and 3293±68 kcal/day, while obese males and females consumed 3442±70 kcal/ day and 2915±48 kcal/day, respectively. Overweight males expended 2223–2299 kcal/day, while obese males expended 2312–2431 kcal/day. Overweight females expended 1901–1960 kcal/day and obese females expended 1971–2139 kcal/day. Energy availability varied, with overweight males at 24–26 kcal/kg fat-free mass (FFM)/day and obese males at 19–22 kcal/kg FFM/day, while female values ranged from 15 to 31 kcal/kg FFM/day. Fat intake exceeded recommended values, while vitamin D, C, and K intakes were inadequate. Sugar and phosphorus intakes surpassed recommendations.
Conclusion: During COVID-19 lockdown, overweight and obese Malaysian adults had higher energy intake than energy expenditure, contributing to positive energy balance and potential weight gain. Fat intake exceeded recommendations, while micronutrients, such as vitamins D, C, and K, were deficient. Energy intake (measured) and energy expenditure (calculated) were significant determinants of energy availability.
Key words: COVID-19, energy availability, nutrients intake, obesity, overweight
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Introduction: Unhealthy lifestyle, especially during COVID-19, contributed to weight gain. This study investigated energy availability and nutrient intakes in overweight and obese Malaysian adults during lockdown.
Methods: Fifty participants (overweight: 30.2±0.9 years old, body mass index (BMI) 27.7±0.2 kg.m-2; obese: 27.9±1.9 years old, BMI 30.0±0.2 kg.m-2) recorded their food intake using 24-hour diet recall. Total energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intakes were analysed with independent t-test.
Results: Energy intake exceeded expenditure across all groups. Overweight males and females consumed 3376±55 kcal/day and 3293±68 kcal/day, while obese males and females consumed 3442±70 kcal/ day and 2915±48 kcal/day, respectively. Overweight males expended 2223–2299 kcal/day, while obese males expended 2312–2431 kcal/day. Overweight females expended 1901–1960 kcal/day and obese females expended 1971–2139 kcal/day. Energy availability varied, with overweight males at 24–26 kcal/kg fat-free mass (FFM)/day and obese males at 19–22 kcal/kg FFM/day, while female values ranged from 15 to 31 kcal/kg FFM/day. Fat intake exceeded recommended values, while vitamin D, C, and K intakes were inadequate. Sugar and phosphorus intakes surpassed recommendations.
Conclusion: During COVID-19 lockdown, overweight and obese Malaysian adults had higher energy intake than energy expenditure, contributing to positive energy balance and potential weight gain. Fat intake exceeded recommendations, while micronutrients, such as vitamins D, C, and K, were deficient. Energy intake (measured) and energy expenditure (calculated) were significant determinants of energy availability.
Key words: COVID-19, energy availability, nutrients intake, obesity, overweight
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Utilising mHealth to improve health literacy on chronic kidney disease among diabetics: Malaysian Nutritional, Emotional and Physical Health literacy for optimal Renal Outcome (My-NEPHRO) randomised controlled trial protocols
Nurulhuda Mat Hassan, Yuzana Mohd Yusop, Sharifah Wajihah Wafa Syed Saadun Tarek Wafa, Ahmad Kamal Ariffin Abdul Jamil, Norwati Daud, Siti Norazlina Juhari1, Nurul Izza Yunus1, Nur Aiza Idris1 & Nurul Azreen Yusof
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0086
Utilising mHealth to improve health literacy on chronic kidney disease among diabetics: Malaysian Nutritional, Emotional and Physical Health literacy for optimal Renal Outcome (My-NEPHRO) randomised controlled trial protocols
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Technology-integrated intervention approaches are considered convenient, accessible, and a more scalable way to engage a larger population. The objective of this paper is to present the protocols for a randomised controlled trial that evaluates the efficacy of a health literacy intervention module (MyNEPHRO) via a mobile application, which aims to improve health literacy, quality of life, and medical outcomes among diabetes patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Methods: This will be a randomised controlled interventional trial. MyNEPHRO module will be developed, validated, and integrated within a mobile application. The mobile app intervention is to be delivered for six months with multiple approaches. Eligible adults aged more than 18 years old with diabetes and non-dialysis chronic kidney disease will be assigned to one of the two study groups (intervention or usual care control groups) in a 1:1 ratio using simple randomisation. Repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) will be used to examine the changes over time within and between groups.
Results: Changes in health literacy level (primary outcomes), and changes in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), renal function, and quality of life (secondary outcomes) will be assessed at three and six months.
Conclusion: This study protocol describes a digital health literacy intervention for CKD among diabetics in Malaysia, determining the effect of this intervention on health literacy, HbA1c level, renal disease progression, and quality of life in diabetics with CKD. Results from this trial will provide insights in improving health literacy regarding CKD among diabetics in Malaysia.
Key words: chronic kidney disease, diabetes, health literacy, mhealth
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Introduction: Technology-integrated intervention approaches are considered convenient, accessible, and a more scalable way to engage a larger population. The objective of this paper is to present the protocols for a randomised controlled trial that evaluates the efficacy of a health literacy intervention module (MyNEPHRO) via a mobile application, which aims to improve health literacy, quality of life, and medical outcomes among diabetes patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Methods: This will be a randomised controlled interventional trial. MyNEPHRO module will be developed, validated, and integrated within a mobile application. The mobile app intervention is to be delivered for six months with multiple approaches. Eligible adults aged more than 18 years old with diabetes and non-dialysis chronic kidney disease will be assigned to one of the two study groups (intervention or usual care control groups) in a 1:1 ratio using simple randomisation. Repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) will be used to examine the changes over time within and between groups.
Results: Changes in health literacy level (primary outcomes), and changes in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), renal function, and quality of life (secondary outcomes) will be assessed at three and six months.
Conclusion: This study protocol describes a digital health literacy intervention for CKD among diabetics in Malaysia, determining the effect of this intervention on health literacy, HbA1c level, renal disease progression, and quality of life in diabetics with CKD. Results from this trial will provide insights in improving health literacy regarding CKD among diabetics in Malaysia.
Key words: chronic kidney disease, diabetes, health literacy, mhealth
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Mothers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on infant and young child feeding in selected municipalities in Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, Philippines: A cross-sectional study
Maria Theresa M Talavera, Angelina R Bustos, Divine Grace C Domingo, Nancy A Tandang, Leila S. Africa, Angelina DR. Felix, Anna Teresa O Orillo, Warren TK Lee & Maria Cecile F. Pastores
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0065
Mothers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on infant and young child feeding in selected municipalities in Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, Philippines: A cross-sectional study
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Optimal infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices are essential for improving the nutritional status of young children. In Maguindanao, Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), there is a high prevalence of malnutrition among infants and young children. Information on mothers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding IYCF is limited. This study aimed to assess the current KAP of mothers regarding IYCF and explore the factors influencing these practices.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 320 mothers of children aged 6 - 23 months using a pre-tested questionnaire. Data were collected by trained researchers.
Results: Mothers showed strong knowledge on breastfeeding, with over 90.0% recognising its importance during illness and proper breastfeeding techniques. They also have positive attitudes, with 99.4% acknowledging breastfeeding’s health benefits, 96.9% its economic value, and 96.8% its role in emotional bonding. Analysis showed significant positive association between education and attitude (p=0.001), while there were no significant association with knowledge (p=0.058) and practice (p=0.091). Income levels showed no significant associations with knowledge (p=0.388), attitude (p=0.061), and practice (p=0.419).
Conclusion: Addressing knowledge and attitude gaps through nutrition messages could enhance IYCF practices among mothers in Maguindanao, BARMM.
Key words: attitudes, Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, infant and young child feeding, knowledge, practices
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Introduction: Optimal infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices are essential for improving the nutritional status of young children. In Maguindanao, Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), there is a high prevalence of malnutrition among infants and young children. Information on mothers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding IYCF is limited. This study aimed to assess the current KAP of mothers regarding IYCF and explore the factors influencing these practices.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 320 mothers of children aged 6 - 23 months using a pre-tested questionnaire. Data were collected by trained researchers.
Results: Mothers showed strong knowledge on breastfeeding, with over 90.0% recognising its importance during illness and proper breastfeeding techniques. They also have positive attitudes, with 99.4% acknowledging breastfeeding’s health benefits, 96.9% its economic value, and 96.8% its role in emotional bonding. Analysis showed significant positive association between education and attitude (p=0.001), while there were no significant association with knowledge (p=0.058) and practice (p=0.091). Income levels showed no significant associations with knowledge (p=0.388), attitude (p=0.061), and practice (p=0.419).
Conclusion: Addressing knowledge and attitude gaps through nutrition messages could enhance IYCF practices among mothers in Maguindanao, BARMM.
Key words: attitudes, Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, infant and young child feeding, knowledge, practices
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Malaysian Journal of Nutrition (Mal J Nutr)
Volume 31 No.2, 2025
Table of Content
Nurses’ therapeutic nutrition knowledge: A crosssectional survey in Yemen
Khaled Mohammed Al-Sayaghi, Faten Abdo Hassan, Abrar Sadiq Mohammed Ghanim, Haifa Abdulrahman Sultan Noman, Eglal Khaled Ahmed Mohsen, Ayat Abdulaziz Ali Mohammed, Afnan Hassan Hussein
Saeed, Maram Mahmoud Ahmed Ali, Al-anood Saeed Mohammed Basarda, Abeer Mohammed Abdallah Mohammed, Richard Mottershead, Sadeq Abdo Mohammed Alwesabi & Mohammed Musaed Al-Jabri
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0015
Nurses’ therapeutic nutrition knowledge: A crosssectional survey in Yemen
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Nutrition plays a critical role in improving the health of individuals struggling with chronic conditions. Nurses have the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality through effective nutritional counselling and advice. This study aimed to assess level of nurses’ therapeutic nutrition knowledge and factors influencing their knowledge levels.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted between December 2023 and February 2024 at two public hospitals in Taiz Governorate, Yemen, using self-administered questionnaire. A convenience sample of 207 nurses participated in the study. The questionnaire comprised two sections: demographic data and 31 items assessing nurses’ therapeutic nutrition knowledge, divided into diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases.
Results: Total scores for nurses’ therapeutic nutrition knowledge ranged from 2 to 23, with mean total score of 14.43 out of 31 (46.5%). Only 13 out of 31 items were answered correctly by more than 50.0% of nurses, while eight items were answered incorrectly by over 80.0% of nurses. Only 35.5% of nurses had satisfactory knowledge, while 64.5% had unsatisfactory knowledge. Mean scores for therapeutic nutrition knowledge regarding diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases were 2.82 out of 5 (56.4%), 4.17 out of 9 (46.3%), and 7.44 out of 17 (43.8%), respectively.
Conclusion: The findings revealed low level of nutrition knowledge among nurses, emphasising a critical gap that must be addressed. Integrating comprehensive nutrition content into nursing curricula and implementing targeted education can bridge this gap. Enhancing nurses’ knowledge will improve patient outcomes and support broader public health goals through more effective nutrition policies.
Key words: cardiovascular disease, chronic diseases, diabetes, nurses’ therapeutic nutrition knowledge, obesity
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Introduction: Nutrition plays a critical role in improving the health of individuals struggling with chronic conditions. Nurses have the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality through effective nutritional counselling and advice. This study aimed to assess level of nurses’ therapeutic nutrition knowledge and factors influencing their knowledge levels.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted between December 2023 and February 2024 at two public hospitals in Taiz Governorate, Yemen, using self-administered questionnaire. A convenience sample of 207 nurses participated in the study. The questionnaire comprised two sections: demographic data and 31 items assessing nurses’ therapeutic nutrition knowledge, divided into diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases.
Results: Total scores for nurses’ therapeutic nutrition knowledge ranged from 2 to 23, with mean total score of 14.43 out of 31 (46.5%). Only 13 out of 31 items were answered correctly by more than 50.0% of nurses, while eight items were answered incorrectly by over 80.0% of nurses. Only 35.5% of nurses had satisfactory knowledge, while 64.5% had unsatisfactory knowledge. Mean scores for therapeutic nutrition knowledge regarding diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases were 2.82 out of 5 (56.4%), 4.17 out of 9 (46.3%), and 7.44 out of 17 (43.8%), respectively.
Conclusion: The findings revealed low level of nutrition knowledge among nurses, emphasising a critical gap that must be addressed. Integrating comprehensive nutrition content into nursing curricula and implementing targeted education can bridge this gap. Enhancing nurses’ knowledge will improve patient outcomes and support broader public health goals through more effective nutrition policies.
Key words: cardiovascular disease, chronic diseases, diabetes, nurses’ therapeutic nutrition knowledge, obesity
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Food classification using daily sugar intake among Indonesian school-aged children
Wardina Humayrah, Megah Stefani & Athiya Fadlina
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2023-0179
Food classification using daily sugar intake among Indonesian school-aged children
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The increasing prevalence of diabetes and sugary snacking habits among schoolchildren in Indonesia is driving the need for a comprehensive food classification system, particularly based on sugar intake, with potential implications for sugar traffic light labelling. This study aimed to classify foods according to sugar intake in Indonesian children aged 5 to 9 years.
Methods: Using cross-sectional design, the study used secondary data from the 2014 Individual Food Consumption Survey (IFCS), which included 24-hour recalls from 8007 school-aged children (5-9 years). The 1318 food items consumed were aggregated into 61 subgroups and Ward’s hierarchical clustering method (HCWM) was used for classification. Principal component analysis (PCA) and BiPlot visualisation were used to analyse the similarity of the characteristic variables in each food level.
Results: Four levels of food groups based on daily sugar intake: Level 1 (low sugar), Level 2 (moderate sugar), Level 3 (high sugar), and Level 4 (very high sugar). Notable items included instant noodles (Level 1), tea/coffee/cocoa drinks (Level 2), soft drinks/fruit drinks (Level 3), and added sugars/sugary milk (Level 4). Level 4 foods had highest sugar content and were among the most frequently consumed items, significantly contributing to daily sugar intake.
Conclusion: This classification system highlighted the significant contribution of specific foods to daily sugar intake of school-aged children. Targeted nutrition interventions and strong food labelling policies are essential to reduce consumption of foods high in sugar and promote healthier dietary choices among children.
Key words: clustering food, school-aged children, sugar intake
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Introduction: The increasing prevalence of diabetes and sugary snacking habits among schoolchildren in Indonesia is driving the need for a comprehensive food classification system, particularly based on sugar intake, with potential implications for sugar traffic light labelling. This study aimed to classify foods according to sugar intake in Indonesian children aged 5 to 9 years.
Methods: Using cross-sectional design, the study used secondary data from the 2014 Individual Food Consumption Survey (IFCS), which included 24-hour recalls from 8007 school-aged children (5-9 years). The 1318 food items consumed were aggregated into 61 subgroups and Ward’s hierarchical clustering method (HCWM) was used for classification. Principal component analysis (PCA) and BiPlot visualisation were used to analyse the similarity of the characteristic variables in each food level.
Results: Four levels of food groups based on daily sugar intake: Level 1 (low sugar), Level 2 (moderate sugar), Level 3 (high sugar), and Level 4 (very high sugar). Notable items included instant noodles (Level 1), tea/coffee/cocoa drinks (Level 2), soft drinks/fruit drinks (Level 3), and added sugars/sugary milk (Level 4). Level 4 foods had highest sugar content and were among the most frequently consumed items, significantly contributing to daily sugar intake.
Conclusion: This classification system highlighted the significant contribution of specific foods to daily sugar intake of school-aged children. Targeted nutrition interventions and strong food labelling policies are essential to reduce consumption of foods high in sugar and promote healthier dietary choices among children.
Key words: clustering food, school-aged children, sugar intake
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Development and validation of a digital photographic food atlas of Malaysian foods
Jim Mee Sha, Chang Coren Yu Huey, Chong Wan Tong, Khoo Natasha Yuen Teng, Lee Yi Yi & Chong Pei Nee
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0075
Development and validation of a digital photographic food atlas of Malaysian foods
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Portion size estimation elements (PSEE), such as food atlas, are utilised to improve portion size estimation accuracy in dietary assessments. Digital food atlases offer advantages like high accuracy, convenience, and portability. This study aimed to develop and validate a digital food atlas comprising commonly consumed Malaysian foods.
Methods: Foods were selected based on national food consumption data. Photographs were taken at 45-degree angle under standard lighting conditions. During validation study, 41 Malaysian university staff and students (mean age 25±9 years) were recruited to estimate the portion of 33 preweighted foods using the atlas. Validity of the atlas was determined by comparing actual versus estimated weight of test foods using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Subsequently, a usability questionnaire evaluated the atlas’s usefulness.
Results: In total, 91 foods were included in the atlas. Significant differences were present in 23 food items tested in validation study, ranging from 54.9% underestimation to 95.1% overestimation. The digital food atlas received high usability scores, with an average of 3.2/4 for carbohydrate foods, and 3.3/4 for protein and fruit/vegetable sections.
Conclusion: This study developed and validated a digital food atlas of commonly consumed local foods, potentially improving accuracy of portion size estimation in dietary assessments. Further modification by including wider range of foods and validation among diverse ethnic and age groups is warranted before its widespread use. Integration into clinical practice, research, and public health initiatives could further support dietary assessment and portion size education.
Key words: dietary assessment, digital food atlas, portion size estimation
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Introduction: Portion size estimation elements (PSEE), such as food atlas, are utilised to improve portion size estimation accuracy in dietary assessments. Digital food atlases offer advantages like high accuracy, convenience, and portability. This study aimed to develop and validate a digital food atlas comprising commonly consumed Malaysian foods.
Methods: Foods were selected based on national food consumption data. Photographs were taken at 45-degree angle under standard lighting conditions. During validation study, 41 Malaysian university staff and students (mean age 25±9 years) were recruited to estimate the portion of 33 preweighted foods using the atlas. Validity of the atlas was determined by comparing actual versus estimated weight of test foods using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Subsequently, a usability questionnaire evaluated the atlas’s usefulness.
Results: In total, 91 foods were included in the atlas. Significant differences were present in 23 food items tested in validation study, ranging from 54.9% underestimation to 95.1% overestimation. The digital food atlas received high usability scores, with an average of 3.2/4 for carbohydrate foods, and 3.3/4 for protein and fruit/vegetable sections.
Conclusion: This study developed and validated a digital food atlas of commonly consumed local foods, potentially improving accuracy of portion size estimation in dietary assessments. Further modification by including wider range of foods and validation among diverse ethnic and age groups is warranted before its widespread use. Integration into clinical practice, research, and public health initiatives could further support dietary assessment and portion size education.
Key words: dietary assessment, digital food atlas, portion size estimation
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Socio-demographic factors associated with oral health knowledge, attitude, practice and frequency of cariogenic food consumption among 11- to 12-year-old primary schoolchildren in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Oung Stephanie Ker Yue, Ruhaya Hasan*, Norkhafizah Saddki & Kueh Yee Cheng
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0103
Socio-demographic factors associated with oral health knowledge, attitude, practice and frequency of cariogenic food consumption among 11- to 12-year-old primary schoolchildren in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This study determined socio-demographic factors associated with oral health knowledge, attitude, practice and frequency of cariogenic food consumption among 11- to 12-year-old primary schoolchildren in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study using validated self-administered questionnaire was conducted among 11- to 12-year-old schoolchildren attending government national primary schools in Barat Daya and Seberang Perai Selatan districts of Pulau Pinang, excluding those with intellectual disabilities or visual impairments. A multi-stage sampling method was used.
Results: A total of 218 schoolchildren participated in the study. The majority demonstrated good oral health knowledge (71.1%) and attitude (60.1%), but nearly half (44.5%) had never used dental floss. Cariogenic foods were mostly moderately consumed. Factors significantly associated with schoolchildren’s oral health knowledge were ethnicity (p<0.001) and father’s/male guardian’s education level (p=0.029), whereas attitude was significantly associated with ethnicity (p<0.001), father’s/male guardian’s education level (p=0.046), mother’s/female guardian’s occupation (p=0.036) and monthly household income (p=0.016). Smoking habit was significantly associated with ethnicity (p=0.004) and mother’s/female guardian’s education level (p<0.001). Rural schoolchildren had significantly higher mean cariogenic food frequency score than urban schoolchildren (p=0.039). Oral health knowledge was positively correlated with attitude (r=0.554, p<0.001), while attitude was negatively correlated with frequency of cariogenic food consumption (r=-0.245, p<0.001).
Conclusion: Ethnicity, parents’/guardians’ education level, mother’s/female guardian’s occupation and monthly household income were associated with schoolchildren’s oral health knowledge, attitude and practice. Rural schoolchildren consumed cariogenic foods more frequently compared to urban schoolchildren.
Key words: child, health knowledge, attitudes, practice, oral health
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Introduction: This study determined socio-demographic factors associated with oral health knowledge, attitude, practice and frequency of cariogenic food consumption among 11- to 12-year-old primary schoolchildren in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study using validated self-administered questionnaire was conducted among 11- to 12-year-old schoolchildren attending government national primary schools in Barat Daya and Seberang Perai Selatan districts of Pulau Pinang, excluding those with intellectual disabilities or visual impairments. A multi-stage sampling method was used.
Results: A total of 218 schoolchildren participated in the study. The majority demonstrated good oral health knowledge (71.1%) and attitude (60.1%), but nearly half (44.5%) had never used dental floss. Cariogenic foods were mostly moderately consumed. Factors significantly associated with schoolchildren’s oral health knowledge were ethnicity (p<0.001) and father’s/male guardian’s education level (p=0.029), whereas attitude was significantly associated with ethnicity (p<0.001), father’s/male guardian’s education level (p=0.046), mother’s/female guardian’s occupation (p=0.036) and monthly household income (p=0.016). Smoking habit was significantly associated with ethnicity (p=0.004) and mother’s/female guardian’s education level (p<0.001). Rural schoolchildren had significantly higher mean cariogenic food frequency score than urban schoolchildren (p=0.039). Oral health knowledge was positively correlated with attitude (r=0.554, p<0.001), while attitude was negatively correlated with frequency of cariogenic food consumption (r=-0.245, p<0.001).
Conclusion: Ethnicity, parents’/guardians’ education level, mother’s/female guardian’s occupation and monthly household income were associated with schoolchildren’s oral health knowledge, attitude and practice. Rural schoolchildren consumed cariogenic foods more frequently compared to urban schoolchildren.
Key words: child, health knowledge, attitudes, practice, oral health
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Effect of dietary fibres present in traditional Japanese vegetables on carbohydrate-digesting enzyme activity
Tsuchiya Yo & Maeda Ai
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0102
Effect of dietary fibres present in traditional Japanese vegetables on carbohydrate-digesting enzyme activity
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Dietary fibre intake is widely recommended as a nutritional therapy to alleviate hyperglycaemic and diabetic conditions. Inulin is a heteropolysaccharide mainly found in burdock. It is known that inulin intake reduces postprandial glucose level; however, details regarding the mechanism of this action remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of burdock and inulin on glucose metabolism.
Methods: Burdock and inulin were added to a solution containing maltose and α-glucosidase. Glucose produced from digested maltose was measured using mutarotase-glucose oxidase assay as the activity of α-glucosidase. We employed Ostwald viscometer to measure viscosity of inulin solution.
Results: Addition of 0.1-1.0 g raw burdock in 6 mL incubation solution significantly decreased activity of α-glucosidase in an amount-dependent manner. Boiled burdock and its supernatant liquid sample also significantly decreased activity of this enzyme, although degree of suppression in the boiled sample was less than in raw burdock. Addition of inulin, in the range of 0.67 to 6.70%, significantly decreased activity of α-glucosidase. Viscosity of inulin solution depended on its concentration from 0 to 6.70% and the relationship showed an almost direct proportion. α-glucosidase activity significantly decreased in the range of 1.03 to 1.40 in relative viscosity of inulin solution.
Conclusion: These results suggested that inulin has a suppressive effect on α-glucosidase activity and that high viscosity of inulin solution may inhibit reaction of digestive enzyme.
Key words: α-glucosidase activity, burdock, dietary fibre, inulin, liquid viscosity
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Introduction: Dietary fibre intake is widely recommended as a nutritional therapy to alleviate hyperglycaemic and diabetic conditions. Inulin is a heteropolysaccharide mainly found in burdock. It is known that inulin intake reduces postprandial glucose level; however, details regarding the mechanism of this action remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of burdock and inulin on glucose metabolism.
Methods: Burdock and inulin were added to a solution containing maltose and α-glucosidase. Glucose produced from digested maltose was measured using mutarotase-glucose oxidase assay as the activity of α-glucosidase. We employed Ostwald viscometer to measure viscosity of inulin solution.
Results: Addition of 0.1-1.0 g raw burdock in 6 mL incubation solution significantly decreased activity of α-glucosidase in an amount-dependent manner. Boiled burdock and its supernatant liquid sample also significantly decreased activity of this enzyme, although degree of suppression in the boiled sample was less than in raw burdock. Addition of inulin, in the range of 0.67 to 6.70%, significantly decreased activity of α-glucosidase. Viscosity of inulin solution depended on its concentration from 0 to 6.70% and the relationship showed an almost direct proportion. α-glucosidase activity significantly decreased in the range of 1.03 to 1.40 in relative viscosity of inulin solution.
Conclusion: These results suggested that inulin has a suppressive effect on α-glucosidase activity and that high viscosity of inulin solution may inhibit reaction of digestive enzyme.
Key words: α-glucosidase activity, burdock, dietary fibre, inulin, liquid viscosity
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Dietary patterns and haemoglobin levels in female adolescents living in boarding schools in Tasikmalaya city, Indonesia
Lilik Hidayanti & Retno Murwani
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0127
Dietary patterns and haemoglobin levels in female adolescents living in boarding schools in Tasikmalaya city, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Anaemia is prevalent among female adolescents with low dietary intake of iron-rich foods, which is considered a significant risk factor. This study investigated the contribution of main meals and snacks to the total dietary intake and haemoglobin (Hb) levels in female adolescents attending Islamic boarding schools.
Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 323 female adolescents residing fulltime in eight Islamic boarding schools in Tasikmalaya City, West Java, Indonesia. Data collected included dietary intake (total dietary intake, main meals, and snacks) and Hb levels.
Results: The average Hb level was 11.9 g/dL, with 49.2% subjects being anaemic. The average total dietary iron intake in subjects with anaemia (6.7 mg) was lower than those without anaemia (7.5 mg). Anaemic subjects with dietary iron intake <80% Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) (50.5%) were more prevalent than those with dietary iron intake ≥ 80% RDA (39.8%). In anaemic subjects, the majority of dietary iron intake came from snacks (55.1%), whereas in nonanaemic it predominantly came from main meals (53.7%). A significant correlation exists between total dietary iron intake and Hb levels (p=0.011), underscoring the importance of adequate dietary iron intake.
Conclusion: The finding indicates that total dietary iron intake contributes to increased Hb levels, therefore it is important to provide awareness regarding iron adequacy in female adolescents.
Key words: anaemia, dietary intake, female adolescents, iron, snacks
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Introduction: Anaemia is prevalent among female adolescents with low dietary intake of iron-rich foods, which is considered a significant risk factor. This study investigated the contribution of main meals and snacks to the total dietary intake and haemoglobin (Hb) levels in female adolescents attending Islamic boarding schools.
Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 323 female adolescents residing fulltime in eight Islamic boarding schools in Tasikmalaya City, West Java, Indonesia. Data collected included dietary intake (total dietary intake, main meals, and snacks) and Hb levels.
Results: The average Hb level was 11.9 g/dL, with 49.2% subjects being anaemic. The average total dietary iron intake in subjects with anaemia (6.7 mg) was lower than those without anaemia (7.5 mg). Anaemic subjects with dietary iron intake <80% Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) (50.5%) were more prevalent than those with dietary iron intake ≥ 80% RDA (39.8%). In anaemic subjects, the majority of dietary iron intake came from snacks (55.1%), whereas in nonanaemic it predominantly came from main meals (53.7%). A significant correlation exists between total dietary iron intake and Hb levels (p=0.011), underscoring the importance of adequate dietary iron intake.
Conclusion: The finding indicates that total dietary iron intake contributes to increased Hb levels, therefore it is important to provide awareness regarding iron adequacy in female adolescents.
Key words: anaemia, dietary intake, female adolescents, iron, snacks
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Development and validation of a food frequency questionnaire for iron intake among pregnant women (P-FeFFQ)
Syahrul Bariah Abdul Hamid & Cinderella Anak Ringgit
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0112
Development and validation of a food frequency questionnaire for iron intake among pregnant women (P-FeFFQ)
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Iron deficiency anaemia is common among pregnant women in Malaysia, posing risks to both maternal and foetal health. This study aimed to develop and validate a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to assess iron intake among pregnant Malaysian women.
Methods:The Pregnancy-Focused Iron Food Frequency Questionnaire (P-FeFFQ) was created using data from 24-hour dietary recalls and literature reviews on iron-rich foods. An expert panel reviewed an initial list of 74 food items, which was refined to 63 based on content validity index (I-CVI) scores and feedback. Validation was performed against three-day dietary records from 21 pregnant women. Descriptive statistics summarised sociodemographic data and iron intake, while Pearson’s correlation and Bland-Altman plot analyses assessed validity.
Results: Participants had mean age of 29.8 years and prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) of 26.0 kg/m². P-FeFFQ showed excellent content validity (I-CVI score of 0.93) and was culturally relevant. Mean iron intake estimated by P-FeFFQ was 14.09 mg/day compared to 12.38 mg/day from dietary records. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was 0.648 (p=0.001), indicating moderate positive relationship. Bland-Altman analysis showed mean difference of 1.71 mg/day, with most data points within the limits of agreement, suggesting reasonable accuracy.
Conclusion: P-FeFFQ is a valid tool for assessing dietary iron intake among pregnant women in Malaysia.
Key words: anaemia, food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), iron deficiency anaemia, pregnant women
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Introduction: Iron deficiency anaemia is common among pregnant women in Malaysia, posing risks to both maternal and foetal health. This study aimed to develop and validate a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to assess iron intake among pregnant Malaysian women.
Methods:The Pregnancy-Focused Iron Food Frequency Questionnaire (P-FeFFQ) was created using data from 24-hour dietary recalls and literature reviews on iron-rich foods. An expert panel reviewed an initial list of 74 food items, which was refined to 63 based on content validity index (I-CVI) scores and feedback. Validation was performed against three-day dietary records from 21 pregnant women. Descriptive statistics summarised sociodemographic data and iron intake, while Pearson’s correlation and Bland-Altman plot analyses assessed validity.
Results: Participants had mean age of 29.8 years and prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) of 26.0 kg/m². P-FeFFQ showed excellent content validity (I-CVI score of 0.93) and was culturally relevant. Mean iron intake estimated by P-FeFFQ was 14.09 mg/day compared to 12.38 mg/day from dietary records. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was 0.648 (p=0.001), indicating moderate positive relationship. Bland-Altman analysis showed mean difference of 1.71 mg/day, with most data points within the limits of agreement, suggesting reasonable accuracy.
Conclusion: P-FeFFQ is a valid tool for assessing dietary iron intake among pregnant women in Malaysia.
Key words: anaemia, food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), iron deficiency anaemia, pregnant women
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Therapeutic benefits of white tea: A review of its multifaceted role in health management
Arini Noor Khasanah, Gemala Anjani & Fitriyono Ayustaningwarno
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0122
Therapeutic benefits of white tea: A review of its multifaceted role in health management
ABSTRACT
Introduction: White tea, derived from the Camellia sinensis plant, undergoes minimal fermentation, which helps preserve its antioxidant compounds and delicate flavour. This review aimed to comprehensively examine the therapeutic benefits of white tea by analysing its bioactive components, particularly catechins and flavonoids, and their roles in disease prevention and health promotion.
Methods: The review followed the PRISMA framework. A comprehensive electronic search was performed across several databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, to identify articles published between the years 2000 and 2024.
Results: A total of 1,008 article titles were initially identified; after applying the inclusion criteria, only 26 articles were selected for further analysis. Extensive research highlights the role of white tea in weight management, oxidative stress reduction, and its anti-ageing, anti-melanogenic, and anti-diabetic effects. Its bioactive components are linked to improved metabolic conditions and reduced risks of chronic diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, white tea shows neuroprotective potential against Alzheimer’s disease and offers hepatic protection. Optimal brewing methods enhance both its health benefits and flavour.
Conclusion: White tea’s rich bioactive profile and diverse health benefits position it as a valuable functional food with potential applications in disease prevention and health promotion. Understanding white tea’s bioactive constituents and its role as a functional food provides valuable insight into its contribution to health and well-being.
Key words: antioxidant properties; bioactive compounds; health benefits; therapeutic applications; white tea
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Introduction: White tea, derived from the Camellia sinensis plant, undergoes minimal fermentation, which helps preserve its antioxidant compounds and delicate flavour. This review aimed to comprehensively examine the therapeutic benefits of white tea by analysing its bioactive components, particularly catechins and flavonoids, and their roles in disease prevention and health promotion.
Methods: The review followed the PRISMA framework. A comprehensive electronic search was performed across several databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, to identify articles published between the years 2000 and 2024.
Results: A total of 1,008 article titles were initially identified; after applying the inclusion criteria, only 26 articles were selected for further analysis. Extensive research highlights the role of white tea in weight management, oxidative stress reduction, and its anti-ageing, anti-melanogenic, and anti-diabetic effects. Its bioactive components are linked to improved metabolic conditions and reduced risks of chronic diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, white tea shows neuroprotective potential against Alzheimer’s disease and offers hepatic protection. Optimal brewing methods enhance both its health benefits and flavour.
Conclusion: White tea’s rich bioactive profile and diverse health benefits position it as a valuable functional food with potential applications in disease prevention and health promotion. Understanding white tea’s bioactive constituents and its role as a functional food provides valuable insight into its contribution to health and well-being.
Key words: antioxidant properties; bioactive compounds; health benefits; therapeutic applications; white tea
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Strengthening data availability and linkage for policies and programmes to improve maternal nutrition and the first 1,000 days of life: Country analysis – Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand
Nipa Rojroongwasinkul, Pattanee Winichagoon, Emorn Udomkesmalee, Tippawan Pongcharoen, Sirinya Phulkerd, Rina Agustina, Wanda Lasepa, Atmarita, Kun A Susiloretni, Doddy Izwardy, Imelda Angeles-Agdeppa, Luz Tagunicar, Apple Joy D. Ducay & Corazon Barba
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0003
Strengthening data availability and linkage for policies and programmes to improve maternal nutrition and the first 1,000 days of life: Country analysis – Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The multiple burden of malnutrition among children and women is a major nutrition challenge for Southeast Asian countries. Maternal malnutrition remains prevalent, hindering optimal maternal and child health outcomes. This project aimed to better understand situations and challenges and identify policy/programme-relevant data to enhance the efforts to improve maternal nutrition.
Methods: Data from large-scale national health, nutrition, and/or food consumption surveys, including key maternal nutrition indicators, relevant policies, and implemented programmes, were compiled from the Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia. Lessons learnt and data/information gaps to strengthen policy decisions and programme performances were critically analysed.
Results: Indonesia and the Philippines secured high-level policy commitments for the 1,000 Days of Life movement, while Thailand’s Ministry of Public Health implemented the “Miracle of 1,000 Days” policy via its health system. Types and strength of evidence triggering policy decisions differed. Major challenges for all countries included data gathering and complex analyses, which hamper timely decisions. Rapid assessment tools, including digital-based ones, that can collect and analyse action-relevant data/ information in a frontline-orientated, timely, and multi-sectorally relevant manner are needed for actionable policies and programmes. Inclusion of dietary intake data for adolescents, pregnant and lactating women in large-scale surveys, reframing maternal nutrition as central to human capital development, and promoting closer collaboration between researchers and policy/programme planners will help in communication, priority setting, and capacity development.
Conclusion: For effective maternal nutrition improvement, fostering the linkage of policy and programme-relevant data will readily avail them for use by frontline and multisectoral stakeholders, as well as policymakers.
Key words: ASEAN nutrition policies and programmes, first 1,000 days movement, infant and child nutritional status, maternal nutrition
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Introduction: The multiple burden of malnutrition among children and women is a major nutrition challenge for Southeast Asian countries. Maternal malnutrition remains prevalent, hindering optimal maternal and child health outcomes. This project aimed to better understand situations and challenges and identify policy/programme-relevant data to enhance the efforts to improve maternal nutrition.
Methods: Data from large-scale national health, nutrition, and/or food consumption surveys, including key maternal nutrition indicators, relevant policies, and implemented programmes, were compiled from the Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia. Lessons learnt and data/information gaps to strengthen policy decisions and programme performances were critically analysed.
Results: Indonesia and the Philippines secured high-level policy commitments for the 1,000 Days of Life movement, while Thailand’s Ministry of Public Health implemented the “Miracle of 1,000 Days” policy via its health system. Types and strength of evidence triggering policy decisions differed. Major challenges for all countries included data gathering and complex analyses, which hamper timely decisions. Rapid assessment tools, including digital-based ones, that can collect and analyse action-relevant data/ information in a frontline-orientated, timely, and multi-sectorally relevant manner are needed for actionable policies and programmes. Inclusion of dietary intake data for adolescents, pregnant and lactating women in large-scale surveys, reframing maternal nutrition as central to human capital development, and promoting closer collaboration between researchers and policy/programme planners will help in communication, priority setting, and capacity development.
Conclusion: For effective maternal nutrition improvement, fostering the linkage of policy and programme-relevant data will readily avail them for use by frontline and multisectoral stakeholders, as well as policymakers.
Key words: ASEAN nutrition policies and programmes, first 1,000 days movement, infant and child nutritional status, maternal nutrition
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Attenuating free radical damage with fermented Geoje yuzu in Drosophila
Kyehwan Park, Hoyoung Kim, Jinyoung Park, Myoungsoo Lee & Man Su Kim
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0080
Attenuating free radical damage with fermented Geoje yuzu in Drosophila
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Yuzu, a yellow citrus fruit from a plant belonging to the Rutaceae family, is a popular ingredient in many types of processed beverages. However, the long-term consequences of yuzu consumption at the organism level have not been thoroughly studied yet. Post-harvesting methods and cultivation methods may influence the reported health-promoting properties of yuzu, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. Therefore, we chose Drosophila as an animal model to evaluate the beneficial effects of yuzu that is cultivated and processed through fermentation in Geoje, South Korea. We examined in vivo effects of fermented yuzu on Drosophila during its lifetime.
Methods: Using lifespan assay, flies were fed fermented Geoje yuzu (FGY) and their survival was monitored. In healthspan assays, flies fed with FGY were exposed to environmental stresses, such as starvation, hydrogen peroxide, or carbon dioxide (CO2). Effects of FGY on improving ability of flies to withstand these stresses were assayed.
Results: Consumption of yuzu did not increase lifespan of the flies nor their capacity to withstand starvation and CO2 stress. However, it significantly protected the flies from oxidative stress, as evidenced by an increase in the survival rate of flies fed a diet supplemented with FGY when exposed to hydrogen peroxide.
Conclusion: This research found that FGY protects flies from oxidative stress. These results may pave the way for future research on long-term health-promoting properties of yuzu, ultimately fostering collective efforts to maximise health benefits of yuzu.
Key words: Drosophila, fermentation, oxidative stress, yuzu
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Introduction: Yuzu, a yellow citrus fruit from a plant belonging to the Rutaceae family, is a popular ingredient in many types of processed beverages. However, the long-term consequences of yuzu consumption at the organism level have not been thoroughly studied yet. Post-harvesting methods and cultivation methods may influence the reported health-promoting properties of yuzu, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. Therefore, we chose Drosophila as an animal model to evaluate the beneficial effects of yuzu that is cultivated and processed through fermentation in Geoje, South Korea. We examined in vivo effects of fermented yuzu on Drosophila during its lifetime.
Methods: Using lifespan assay, flies were fed fermented Geoje yuzu (FGY) and their survival was monitored. In healthspan assays, flies fed with FGY were exposed to environmental stresses, such as starvation, hydrogen peroxide, or carbon dioxide (CO2). Effects of FGY on improving ability of flies to withstand these stresses were assayed.
Results: Consumption of yuzu did not increase lifespan of the flies nor their capacity to withstand starvation and CO2 stress. However, it significantly protected the flies from oxidative stress, as evidenced by an increase in the survival rate of flies fed a diet supplemented with FGY when exposed to hydrogen peroxide.
Conclusion: This research found that FGY protects flies from oxidative stress. These results may pave the way for future research on long-term health-promoting properties of yuzu, ultimately fostering collective efforts to maximise health benefits of yuzu.
Key words: Drosophila, fermentation, oxidative stress, yuzu
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Exploring food consumption strategies amidst financial constraints among overweight and obese Malaysian women from low-income households: A qualitative study
Nur Nadia Mohamed & Abdul Jalil Rohana
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0017
Exploring food consumption strategies amidst financial constraints among overweight and obese Malaysian women from low-income households: A qualitative study
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Numerous studies have shown that individuals from low-income households are more susceptible to being overweight or obese, despite financial constraints. This study aimed to explore food consumption experiences of overweight and obese women from low-income households amidst financial constraints.
Methods: A qualitative study was conducted among overweight and obese women from low-income households in Peninsular Malaysia. In-depth interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were coded manually and analysed using thematic analysis based on Braun & Clarke’s method.
Results: A total of 27 Malay women aged 27–52 years old were interviewed. Four major themes emerged from in-depth interviews related to strategies of food consumption during financial constraints at different levels based on the socio-ecological model.
Conclusion: Multi-level food consumption strategies during financial constraints may contribute to overweight and obesity among individuals from low-income households. Tackling obesity in this demographic requires a holistic, multi-level approach encompassing individual, household, community, and policy interventions.
Key words: Low socioeconomic status, Malaysia, obesity, qualitative research, women
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Introduction: Numerous studies have shown that individuals from low-income households are more susceptible to being overweight or obese, despite financial constraints. This study aimed to explore food consumption experiences of overweight and obese women from low-income households amidst financial constraints.
Methods: A qualitative study was conducted among overweight and obese women from low-income households in Peninsular Malaysia. In-depth interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were coded manually and analysed using thematic analysis based on Braun & Clarke’s method.
Results: A total of 27 Malay women aged 27–52 years old were interviewed. Four major themes emerged from in-depth interviews related to strategies of food consumption during financial constraints at different levels based on the socio-ecological model.
Conclusion: Multi-level food consumption strategies during financial constraints may contribute to overweight and obesity among individuals from low-income households. Tackling obesity in this demographic requires a holistic, multi-level approach encompassing individual, household, community, and policy interventions.
Key words: Low socioeconomic status, Malaysia, obesity, qualitative research, women
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High-leucine branched-chain amino acid supplementation improves C-reactive protein levels in critically ill patients: A randomised controlled trial
Yohannessa Wulandari, Dita Aditianingsih & Diana Sunardi
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0073
High-leucine branched-chain amino acid supplementation improves C-reactive protein levels in critically ill patients: A randomised controlled trial
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in critically ill patients are associated with increased disease severity and mortality rates. While branchedchain amino acids (BCAAs) have been extensively studied for their potential to enhance immunity in various diseases, research on the relationship between BCAAs and CRP levels in critically ill patients is scarce. This study aimed to assess the effect of BCAA supplementation on CRP levels in critically ill adult patients.
Methods: An experimental randomised controlled trial was performed on 40 critically ill adults between December 2023 and May 2024. All subjects were randomly assigned to BCAA supplementation and control, with a 1:1 comparison. Subjects in the BCAA group were given 40 grams/day of BCAA (19 g/day leucine) supplementation with a leucine:isoleucine:valine ratio of 2:1:1.2 for ten days. No supplementation was given to the control group. CRP was measured from blood serum pre- and postintervention.
Results: High CRP was found in all critically ill patients at baseline. Significantly lower CRP levels were found in the BCAA group compared to baseline (p=0.005) and control (p=0.001) post-intervention.
Conclusion: High CRP was common in critically ill patients, and BCAA supplementation improved their CRP levels. This study implied that providing BCAAs for critically ill patients potentially improves their acute inflammation state.
Key words: branched-chain amino acid, C-reactive protein, critical illness
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Introduction: Higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in critically ill patients are associated with increased disease severity and mortality rates. While branchedchain amino acids (BCAAs) have been extensively studied for their potential to enhance immunity in various diseases, research on the relationship between BCAAs and CRP levels in critically ill patients is scarce. This study aimed to assess the effect of BCAA supplementation on CRP levels in critically ill adult patients.
Methods: An experimental randomised controlled trial was performed on 40 critically ill adults between December 2023 and May 2024. All subjects were randomly assigned to BCAA supplementation and control, with a 1:1 comparison. Subjects in the BCAA group were given 40 grams/day of BCAA (19 g/day leucine) supplementation with a leucine:isoleucine:valine ratio of 2:1:1.2 for ten days. No supplementation was given to the control group. CRP was measured from blood serum pre- and postintervention.
Results: High CRP was found in all critically ill patients at baseline. Significantly lower CRP levels were found in the BCAA group compared to baseline (p=0.005) and control (p=0.001) post-intervention.
Conclusion: High CRP was common in critically ill patients, and BCAA supplementation improved their CRP levels. This study implied that providing BCAAs for critically ill patients potentially improves their acute inflammation state.
Key words: branched-chain amino acid, C-reactive protein, critical illness
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Optimising pasteurisation conditions to preserve the quality of fermented green asparagus roots (Asparagus officinalis L.) beverage
Nguyen Thi Ngoc Giang & Tran Van Khai
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0091
Optimising pasteurisation conditions to preserve the quality of fermented green asparagus roots (Asparagus officinalis L.) beverage
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The root of Asparagus officinalis L. stands out as a potential byproduct source for creating value-added food products. Characterised by its high nutritional content and distinctive flavour and fragrance, the green asparagus root was studied for development of a new herbal tea. Pasteurisation is the crucial stage to ensure the quality of the final product, which requires precise investigation to obtain optimal parameters for maintaining quality of fermented drinks made from green asparagus roots.
Methods: This investigation mainly focused on efficiency of different pasteurisation temperatures (80, 85, 90, and 95°C) and durations (15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes) on pasteurisation value, physicochemical properties, and bioactive compounds of the pasteurised product.
Results: Optimal pasteurisation parameters for canned fermented drinks from green asparagus root were identified at a temperature of 90°C for 20 minutes, which ensured that they were microbiologically safe, maintained high levels of bioactive compounds, and were economically beneficial. With this pasteurisation condition, levels of reducing sugar, saccharose, vitamin C, total acidity, and bioactive compounds (phenolic, flavonoid, and saponin) (per litre of product) were 19.84 g, 102.08 g, 2.38 g, 0.064 g, 0.97 g tannic acid graph, 0.35 g quercetin graph, and 2.39 g saponin graph, respectively.
Conclusion: This study not only provided insights into optimal pasteurisation for fermented drinks made from green asparagus roots but also underscored the broader implications for nutrition, health, and sustainable economic developments. This optimised process can lead to development of nutritious beverages for future studies.
Key words: fermentation, microbiological safety, pasteurisation unit
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Introduction: The root of Asparagus officinalis L. stands out as a potential byproduct source for creating value-added food products. Characterised by its high nutritional content and distinctive flavour and fragrance, the green asparagus root was studied for development of a new herbal tea. Pasteurisation is the crucial stage to ensure the quality of the final product, which requires precise investigation to obtain optimal parameters for maintaining quality of fermented drinks made from green asparagus roots.
Methods: This investigation mainly focused on efficiency of different pasteurisation temperatures (80, 85, 90, and 95°C) and durations (15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes) on pasteurisation value, physicochemical properties, and bioactive compounds of the pasteurised product.
Results: Optimal pasteurisation parameters for canned fermented drinks from green asparagus root were identified at a temperature of 90°C for 20 minutes, which ensured that they were microbiologically safe, maintained high levels of bioactive compounds, and were economically beneficial. With this pasteurisation condition, levels of reducing sugar, saccharose, vitamin C, total acidity, and bioactive compounds (phenolic, flavonoid, and saponin) (per litre of product) were 19.84 g, 102.08 g, 2.38 g, 0.064 g, 0.97 g tannic acid graph, 0.35 g quercetin graph, and 2.39 g saponin graph, respectively.
Conclusion: This study not only provided insights into optimal pasteurisation for fermented drinks made from green asparagus roots but also underscored the broader implications for nutrition, health, and sustainable economic developments. This optimised process can lead to development of nutritious beverages for future studies.
Key words: fermentation, microbiological safety, pasteurisation unit
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Food resources management and multilevel determinants of stunting: Insights from a national socio-ecological analysis in Indonesia
Yayuk Farida Baliwati & Akifa Laila Rusyda
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0012
Food resources management and multilevel determinants of stunting: Insights from a national socio-ecological analysis in Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Factors influencing stunting are multifaceted, particularly at individual, household, and institutional levels. However, Indonesia’s significant research gap regarding integrating these ecological levels in stunting prevention efforts remains. Therefore, the present study analysed individual (children and mothers), household, and healthcare service factors contributing to stunting.
Methods: The study design was an ecological study using secondary data from 2023 Indonesian Health Survey in Numbers report (response rate: 98.74%). The dataset consisted of 38 units of analysis representing Indonesia’s provinces. This study applied the socio-ecological model (SEM), which illustrates United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Conceptual Framework on Maternal and Child Nutrition. The analysis employed Pearson’s correlation tests, followed by linear regression, with a 95% significance level (α=0.050).
Results: Results showed that stunting in Indonesia remained above the 14% national target for 2024, with a prevalence of 21.5% in 2023. Preventing stunting requires minimising risks within food resource management and public health services. The model explained 99.2% of stunting determinants, aligning with UNICEF’s Conceptual Framework, using SEM to analyse direct, indirect, and fundamental causes. Furthermore, food consumption and infection status were direct causes shaped by regional food ecosystems, while environmental health and public health services were crucial indirect factors. Socio-economic disparities also contributed to better healthcare and economic conditions in Western Indonesia, while stunting prevalence remained higher in Eastern Indonesia.
Conclusion: Strengthening cross-sectoral programme synergies targeting children, mothers, households, and institutions is essential for a comprehensive and sustainable approach to stunting reduction.
Key words: determinant, food resources management, socio-ecological model, stunting
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Introduction: Factors influencing stunting are multifaceted, particularly at individual, household, and institutional levels. However, Indonesia’s significant research gap regarding integrating these ecological levels in stunting prevention efforts remains. Therefore, the present study analysed individual (children and mothers), household, and healthcare service factors contributing to stunting.
Methods: The study design was an ecological study using secondary data from 2023 Indonesian Health Survey in Numbers report (response rate: 98.74%). The dataset consisted of 38 units of analysis representing Indonesia’s provinces. This study applied the socio-ecological model (SEM), which illustrates United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Conceptual Framework on Maternal and Child Nutrition. The analysis employed Pearson’s correlation tests, followed by linear regression, with a 95% significance level (α=0.050).
Results: Results showed that stunting in Indonesia remained above the 14% national target for 2024, with a prevalence of 21.5% in 2023. Preventing stunting requires minimising risks within food resource management and public health services. The model explained 99.2% of stunting determinants, aligning with UNICEF’s Conceptual Framework, using SEM to analyse direct, indirect, and fundamental causes. Furthermore, food consumption and infection status were direct causes shaped by regional food ecosystems, while environmental health and public health services were crucial indirect factors. Socio-economic disparities also contributed to better healthcare and economic conditions in Western Indonesia, while stunting prevalence remained higher in Eastern Indonesia.
Conclusion: Strengthening cross-sectoral programme synergies targeting children, mothers, households, and institutions is essential for a comprehensive and sustainable approach to stunting reduction.
Key words: determinant, food resources management, socio-ecological model, stunting
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NutriQuest game: User experience of Grades 2 and 3 children in two Philippine private schools
Idelia G. Glorioso*, Shannen Faye Q. Arevalo, Milflor S. Gonzales & Christelle Lois T. Bayalas
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0115
NutriQuest game: User experience of Grades 2 and 3 children in two Philippine private schools
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This study presents the user experience (UX) of Grades 2 and 3 schoolchildren with a nutrition mobile game, NutriQuest, developed by DOST-Food and Nutrition Research Institute.
Methods: The evaluation of user experience was based on the UX Honeycomb framework developed by Morville (2004). For this study, four aspects of the UX Honeycomb, namely usefulness, usability, findability, and desirability, were determined among study participants through a guided, selfadministered questionnaire.
Results: Study results revealed that approximately two-thirds (33 out of 49) of children were unable to correctly identify the food groups due to unfamiliarity with food items. For usability, children found that the words used and instructions of the game were just right. For findability, the majority of students (76% or 37 out of 49) answered that the buttons were easy to find and the game was easy to use (78% or 38 out of 49). For desirability, the sound effects used were just right (86%), pictures were good (84%), and 88% liked the light colours used. Children cited the lesson or information (57%) learnt through experience or by playing the game.
Conclusion: The NutriQuest game was acceptable to children; it can create awareness and knowledge on healthy eating. The findings provide vital inputs to game design, taking into account user interaction and experience when designing game interfaces. The impact of game-based learning on children’s knowledge of healthy eating can be considered for future research. Additionally, studies can also examine the interplay between conventional teaching modes and game-based strategies.
Key words: game-based learning, game interface, mobile games, schoolchildren
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Introduction: This study presents the user experience (UX) of Grades 2 and 3 schoolchildren with a nutrition mobile game, NutriQuest, developed by DOST-Food and Nutrition Research Institute.
Methods: The evaluation of user experience was based on the UX Honeycomb framework developed by Morville (2004). For this study, four aspects of the UX Honeycomb, namely usefulness, usability, findability, and desirability, were determined among study participants through a guided, selfadministered questionnaire.
Results: Study results revealed that approximately two-thirds (33 out of 49) of children were unable to correctly identify the food groups due to unfamiliarity with food items. For usability, children found that the words used and instructions of the game were just right. For findability, the majority of students (76% or 37 out of 49) answered that the buttons were easy to find and the game was easy to use (78% or 38 out of 49). For desirability, the sound effects used were just right (86%), pictures were good (84%), and 88% liked the light colours used. Children cited the lesson or information (57%) learnt through experience or by playing the game.
Conclusion: The NutriQuest game was acceptable to children; it can create awareness and knowledge on healthy eating. The findings provide vital inputs to game design, taking into account user interaction and experience when designing game interfaces. The impact of game-based learning on children’s knowledge of healthy eating can be considered for future research. Additionally, studies can also examine the interplay between conventional teaching modes and game-based strategies.
Key words: game-based learning, game interface, mobile games, schoolchildren
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Malaysian Journal of Nutrition (Mal J Nutr)
Volume 31 No.3, 2025
Table of Content
A balanced diet improves body composition in women with high body fat, across both variants of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism
Putri Novitasari, Rimbawan Rimbawan, Hardinsyah Hardinsyah & Hadi Riyadi
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0018
A balanced diet improves body composition in women with high body fat, across both variants of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The FTO rs9939609 variant is linked to obesity risk. This study evaluated the effect of a 28-day balanced diet, based on the Indonesian dietary guidelines, on body composition in women with high body fat (>35%), stratified by FTO rs9939609 genotype.
Methods: In a randomised controlled trial, 38 women aged 18–25 years were assigned to four groups: DAC (Diet-AT/AA, n=12), DTH (Diet-TT, n=8), CAC (Control-AT/AA, n=10), and CTH (Control-TT, n=8). All participants received nutrition education. A general linear model (GLM), adjusted for age and physical activity, was used to assess gene-diet interactions.
Results: DAC group showed significant reductions in body weight (-1.3±1.6 kg) and waist-hip ratio (-0.03±0.05; p<0.05). DTH group had significant decreases in body weight (-1.7±1.8 kg), body mass index (BMI) (-0.7±0.8 kg/m²), and visceral fat (-0.6±0.7; p<0.05). GLM analysis showed that diet significantly affected body weight (b:-1.67; p=0.005), BMI (b:-0.40; p=0.030), and visceral fat (b:-0.46; p=0.043). However, genotype had no significant effect and no gene-diet interaction was observed.
Conclusion: A balanced diet effectively improved body composition of young women with high body fat, regardless of FTO rs9939609 genotype. These results suggested that dietary interventions may outweigh genetic predisposition in influencing obesityrelated outcomes. Further research with larger samples and longer follow-up is recommended.
Key words: balanced diet, body composition, FTO rs9939609, obese women
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Introduction: The FTO rs9939609 variant is linked to obesity risk. This study evaluated the effect of a 28-day balanced diet, based on the Indonesian dietary guidelines, on body composition in women with high body fat (>35%), stratified by FTO rs9939609 genotype.
Methods: In a randomised controlled trial, 38 women aged 18–25 years were assigned to four groups: DAC (Diet-AT/AA, n=12), DTH (Diet-TT, n=8), CAC (Control-AT/AA, n=10), and CTH (Control-TT, n=8). All participants received nutrition education. A general linear model (GLM), adjusted for age and physical activity, was used to assess gene-diet interactions.
Results: DAC group showed significant reductions in body weight (-1.3±1.6 kg) and waist-hip ratio (-0.03±0.05; p<0.05). DTH group had significant decreases in body weight (-1.7±1.8 kg), body mass index (BMI) (-0.7±0.8 kg/m²), and visceral fat (-0.6±0.7; p<0.05). GLM analysis showed that diet significantly affected body weight (b:-1.67; p=0.005), BMI (b:-0.40; p=0.030), and visceral fat (b:-0.46; p=0.043). However, genotype had no significant effect and no gene-diet interaction was observed.
Conclusion: A balanced diet effectively improved body composition of young women with high body fat, regardless of FTO rs9939609 genotype. These results suggested that dietary interventions may outweigh genetic predisposition in influencing obesityrelated outcomes. Further research with larger samples and longer follow-up is recommended.
Key words: balanced diet, body composition, FTO rs9939609, obese women
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Prevalence and socioeconomic determinants of malnutrition among secondary school students in northern mountainous Vietnam
Ton Hien Anh, Tran Manh Dung, Vu Trang Anh, Phan Thi Sinh, Vu Mai Huong & Le Xuan Hung
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0135
Prevalence and socioeconomic determinants of malnutrition among secondary school students in northern mountainous Vietnam
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Malnutrition remains a critical public health issue, especially in rural and mountainous areas of Vietnam, where socioeconomic and geographic disparities are pronounced. Secondary school students are particularly vulnerable due to increased nutritional needs during growth and development. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of malnutrition and its associated factors among secondary school students in northern mountainous Vietnam.
Methods:A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Bao Ai Secondary School, Yen Bai Province, from September to October 2022. A total of 460 secondary school students aged 10–15 years were included. Nutritional status was assessed using the World Health Organization growth standards, and stunting, thinness, and overweight prevalences were determined. Socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioural data were collected through structured questionnaires and analysed using chi-square tests and logistic regression models.
Results: Stunting was more prevalent in females, while thinness and overweight were higher in males, though these differences were not statistically significant. Dao ethnic group had the highest malnutrition rates, with stunting at 9.4% and thinness at 10.8%. Low maternal education was a key predictor of stunting, while household economic status showed no significant association. These findings highlighted the need for targeted interventions addressing gender and ethnic disparities in nutrition.
Conclusion: This study underscored the need for targeted interventions addressing age- and gender-specific nutritional vulnerabilities. Findings highlighted importance of school-based nutrition programmes and maternal education initiatives to mitigate malnutrition risks. Culturally sensitive strategies and multi-sectoral collaboration are essential to reduce malnutrition in underserved communities.
Key words: adolescents, ethnic disparities, malnutrition, nutritional status, Vietnam
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Introduction: Malnutrition remains a critical public health issue, especially in rural and mountainous areas of Vietnam, where socioeconomic and geographic disparities are pronounced. Secondary school students are particularly vulnerable due to increased nutritional needs during growth and development. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of malnutrition and its associated factors among secondary school students in northern mountainous Vietnam.
Methods:A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Bao Ai Secondary School, Yen Bai Province, from September to October 2022. A total of 460 secondary school students aged 10–15 years were included. Nutritional status was assessed using the World Health Organization growth standards, and stunting, thinness, and overweight prevalences were determined. Socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioural data were collected through structured questionnaires and analysed using chi-square tests and logistic regression models.
Results: Stunting was more prevalent in females, while thinness and overweight were higher in males, though these differences were not statistically significant. Dao ethnic group had the highest malnutrition rates, with stunting at 9.4% and thinness at 10.8%. Low maternal education was a key predictor of stunting, while household economic status showed no significant association. These findings highlighted the need for targeted interventions addressing gender and ethnic disparities in nutrition.
Conclusion: This study underscored the need for targeted interventions addressing age- and gender-specific nutritional vulnerabilities. Findings highlighted importance of school-based nutrition programmes and maternal education initiatives to mitigate malnutrition risks. Culturally sensitive strategies and multi-sectoral collaboration are essential to reduce malnutrition in underserved communities.
Key words: adolescents, ethnic disparities, malnutrition, nutritional status, Vietnam
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Food-based recommendations for reproductive age women with hypertension: A preliminary study in a public health centre in Semarang, Indonesia
Heni Hendriyani, Muflihah Isnawati & Dian Luthfita Prasetya Muninggar
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0015
Food-based recommendations for reproductive age women with hypertension: A preliminary study in a public health centre in Semarang, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and kidney disease. The Indonesian Basic Health Research in 2018 showed that prevalence of hypertension reached 34.1%, whereas in Central Java province it was above the national figure of 37.6%. Prevalence of high blood pressure was higher in women than in men, at 40.2% and 34.8%, respectively. Therefore, this study aimed to develop food-based recommendations for women of reproductive age with hypertension in Semarang.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included women aged 30–52 years (n=100) in Semarang City. Dietary intake was assessed by quantitative 24-hour diet recall.
Results: Median frequency of fruit consumption was only four times per week, whereas median frequency of vegetable consumption was higher at nine times per week. Beverages had median frequency intake of 38 times a week. Consumption of high-sodium snacks was frequent, with median frequency of five times a week. Folate was identified as a problematic nutrient. Potential food subgroups and food items recommended for achieving dietary adequacy were rice, cassava, meat, chicken, tempeh, small shrimp, and fruits. Mean sodium intake was above recommendation, while mean magnesium intake was below recommendation.
Conclusion: Women of reproductive age with hypertension reported poor dietary patterns, including low intake of fruits and vegetables, and high intakes of beverages and high-sodium snacks. This study shows that locally available foods have potential to improve diet quality of women of reproductive age with hypertension.
Key words: food-based recommendation, hypertension, linear programming, Optifood, women
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Introduction: Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and kidney disease. The Indonesian Basic Health Research in 2018 showed that prevalence of hypertension reached 34.1%, whereas in Central Java province it was above the national figure of 37.6%. Prevalence of high blood pressure was higher in women than in men, at 40.2% and 34.8%, respectively. Therefore, this study aimed to develop food-based recommendations for women of reproductive age with hypertension in Semarang.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included women aged 30–52 years (n=100) in Semarang City. Dietary intake was assessed by quantitative 24-hour diet recall.
Results: Median frequency of fruit consumption was only four times per week, whereas median frequency of vegetable consumption was higher at nine times per week. Beverages had median frequency intake of 38 times a week. Consumption of high-sodium snacks was frequent, with median frequency of five times a week. Folate was identified as a problematic nutrient. Potential food subgroups and food items recommended for achieving dietary adequacy were rice, cassava, meat, chicken, tempeh, small shrimp, and fruits. Mean sodium intake was above recommendation, while mean magnesium intake was below recommendation.
Conclusion: Women of reproductive age with hypertension reported poor dietary patterns, including low intake of fruits and vegetables, and high intakes of beverages and high-sodium snacks. This study shows that locally available foods have potential to improve diet quality of women of reproductive age with hypertension.
Key words: food-based recommendation, hypertension, linear programming, Optifood, women
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A cross-sectional study on dietary supplement use among university students who engage in physical activity
Siti Nazirah Ahmad Padil, Nor Elyzatul Akma Hamdan, Nur Sabiha Md Hussin, Mohammad Suhaidi Sha’ari, Saliha Azlan, Nur Syazwani Taridi, Janattul Ain Jamal & Mohd Shahezwan Abd Wahab
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0094
A cross-sectional study on dietary supplement use among university students who engage in physical activity
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Dietary supplement (DS) use has increased across diverse populations. This study assessed prevalence and patterns of DS use among university students who engaged in physical activity and evaluated their perceptions and influencing factors.
Methods: An online survey, based on content-validated questionnaire, was conducted over eight weeks targeting students at a Malaysian university. Participants were recruited using convenience sampling, with survey link distributed through widely used social media platforms, including Facebook, WhatsApp, and Telegram.
Results: Out of 344 survey respondents, 77.6% were females, and 33.7% reported using DS in the past month. Users (n=116) generally had positive perceptions of DS, with vitamin C being the most commonly consumed (71.6%), followed by multivitamins (21.6%). Major sources of information for DS users included social media (52.6%) and pharmacists (43.1%). Most users obtained DS from pharmacies (69.8%), while 35.3% obtained from online platforms. Nonusers primarily cited high costs as the main reason for not using DS (90.8% of non-users). Multivariate analysis showed that individuals who exercised less frequently (aOR=0.540, 95% CI=0.324–0.901) were less likely to use DS, while those who believed in the health benefits of DS (aOR=4.287, 95% CI=2.055-8.942) were more likely to use DS.
Conclusion: Overall, 33.7% reported using DS in the past month, primarily for health maintenance. Social media served as the main source of information. Reliance of over a third of participants on online platforms for purchasing DS warrants attention.
Key words: dietary supplement, physical activity, university student
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Introduction: Dietary supplement (DS) use has increased across diverse populations. This study assessed prevalence and patterns of DS use among university students who engaged in physical activity and evaluated their perceptions and influencing factors.
Methods: An online survey, based on content-validated questionnaire, was conducted over eight weeks targeting students at a Malaysian university. Participants were recruited using convenience sampling, with survey link distributed through widely used social media platforms, including Facebook, WhatsApp, and Telegram.
Results: Out of 344 survey respondents, 77.6% were females, and 33.7% reported using DS in the past month. Users (n=116) generally had positive perceptions of DS, with vitamin C being the most commonly consumed (71.6%), followed by multivitamins (21.6%). Major sources of information for DS users included social media (52.6%) and pharmacists (43.1%). Most users obtained DS from pharmacies (69.8%), while 35.3% obtained from online platforms. Nonusers primarily cited high costs as the main reason for not using DS (90.8% of non-users). Multivariate analysis showed that individuals who exercised less frequently (aOR=0.540, 95% CI=0.324–0.901) were less likely to use DS, while those who believed in the health benefits of DS (aOR=4.287, 95% CI=2.055-8.942) were more likely to use DS.
Conclusion: Overall, 33.7% reported using DS in the past month, primarily for health maintenance. Social media served as the main source of information. Reliance of over a third of participants on online platforms for purchasing DS warrants attention.
Key words: dietary supplement, physical activity, university student
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Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards probiotic supplements among Malaysian adults: A cross-sectional survey
Nik Aisyah Najwa Nik Mustaffa Shapri, Fitrah Alia Manab, Mohd Shahezwan Abd Wahab, Saliha Azlan & Nur Sabiha Md Hussin
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0002
Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards probiotic supplements among Malaysian adults: A cross-sectional survey
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The use of probiotic supplements is increasingly prevalent due to their recognised benefits extending beyond gut health. However, data on the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards probiotic supplements among Malaysian adults remain limited. This study aimed to assess KAP towards probiotic supplements among Malaysian adults.
Methods: A cross-sectional online survey using a self-administered 23-item questionnaire was conducted from February to May 2024 among conveniently sampled Malaysian adults.
Results: A total of 428 participants completed the survey. Mean knowledge and attitude scores were 5.77 out of 12 and 18.54 out of 25, respectively. Most respondents (65.9%) demonstrated poor knowledge, while 45.1% exhibited positive attitudes. A significant moderate positive correlation (r=0.64) was observed between knowledge and attitude. Probiotic supplement use was reported by 14.5% of respondents, with pharmacies being the primary source of purchase and social media the main information source. Digestive health (82.3%) was the most common reason for use.
Conclusion: Knowledge about probiotic supplements and their health benefits among Malaysian adults is inadequate. Despite this, many expressed a willingness to learn more. There is an urgent need for widespread, evidence-based education on probiotics, emphasising the role of healthcare providers, particularly pharmacists, in enhancing public awareness and informed use.
Key words: attitudes, dietary supplements, health knowledge, practice, probiotics
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Introduction: The use of probiotic supplements is increasingly prevalent due to their recognised benefits extending beyond gut health. However, data on the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards probiotic supplements among Malaysian adults remain limited. This study aimed to assess KAP towards probiotic supplements among Malaysian adults.
Methods: A cross-sectional online survey using a self-administered 23-item questionnaire was conducted from February to May 2024 among conveniently sampled Malaysian adults.
Results: A total of 428 participants completed the survey. Mean knowledge and attitude scores were 5.77 out of 12 and 18.54 out of 25, respectively. Most respondents (65.9%) demonstrated poor knowledge, while 45.1% exhibited positive attitudes. A significant moderate positive correlation (r=0.64) was observed between knowledge and attitude. Probiotic supplement use was reported by 14.5% of respondents, with pharmacies being the primary source of purchase and social media the main information source. Digestive health (82.3%) was the most common reason for use.
Conclusion: Knowledge about probiotic supplements and their health benefits among Malaysian adults is inadequate. Despite this, many expressed a willingness to learn more. There is an urgent need for widespread, evidence-based education on probiotics, emphasising the role of healthcare providers, particularly pharmacists, in enhancing public awareness and informed use.
Key words: attitudes, dietary supplements, health knowledge, practice, probiotics
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Dietary factors influencing iron and zinc status of female adolescents in the Philippines
Rodesa T Naupal-Forcadilla, Corazon VC Barba, Howarth E Bouis, Leila S Africa, Liezl M Atienza, Marilyn M Elauria, Imelda Angeles-Agdeppa & Eldridge B Ferrer
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0060
Dietary factors influencing iron and zinc status of female adolescents in the Philippines
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Adolescence demands good nutrition, in particular iron and zinc, which are vital for cognitive development, immunity, and reproductive health. In the Philippines, female adolescents often face iron and zinc deficiencies due to poor diet and limited nutrient-rich foods. They are often neglected in public health and perpetuate the malnutrition cycle.
Methods: This study analysed 2013 Philippine National Nutrition Survey of 1,669 non-pregnant, non-lactating female adolescents aged 10-19 years. Haemoglobin and serum zinc concentrations indicated iron and zinc status, respectively. Independent variables were dietary intakes of meat, total fat, zinc, thiamine, and riboflavin, and sociodemographic factors such as age, residence, household wealth quintile, and smoking status. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, independent t-tests, Pearson’s correlations, and multiple linear regression analyses were used.
Results: Mean haemoglobin (13.2 g/dL) and serum zinc (78.9 μg/dL) levels exceeded deficiency thresholds; however, 96.1% of adolescents did not meet the dietary iron recommendations. Serum zinc levels were significantly associated with meat (b=0.020, p=0.001), total fat (b=0.136, p<0.001), dietary zinc (b=0.678, p=0.002), thiamine (b=5.442, p=0.003), and riboflavin (b=6.838, p<0.001) intakes. Haemoglobin was weakly correlated with serum zinc levels (r=0.089, p<0.001), but not with dietary variables.
Conclusion: Animalsourced foods were associated with serum zinc, not haemoglobin, indicating that iron status is influenced by broader physiological and environmental factors. These findings emphasise nutrition programmes to promote dietary diversity and improve micronutrient bioavailability in Filipino adolescents.
Key words: adolescents, haemoglobin, micronutrient deficiencies, Philippines, serum zinc
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Introduction: Adolescence demands good nutrition, in particular iron and zinc, which are vital for cognitive development, immunity, and reproductive health. In the Philippines, female adolescents often face iron and zinc deficiencies due to poor diet and limited nutrient-rich foods. They are often neglected in public health and perpetuate the malnutrition cycle.
Methods: This study analysed 2013 Philippine National Nutrition Survey of 1,669 non-pregnant, non-lactating female adolescents aged 10-19 years. Haemoglobin and serum zinc concentrations indicated iron and zinc status, respectively. Independent variables were dietary intakes of meat, total fat, zinc, thiamine, and riboflavin, and sociodemographic factors such as age, residence, household wealth quintile, and smoking status. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, independent t-tests, Pearson’s correlations, and multiple linear regression analyses were used.
Results: Mean haemoglobin (13.2 g/dL) and serum zinc (78.9 μg/dL) levels exceeded deficiency thresholds; however, 96.1% of adolescents did not meet the dietary iron recommendations. Serum zinc levels were significantly associated with meat (b=0.020, p=0.001), total fat (b=0.136, p<0.001), dietary zinc (b=0.678, p=0.002), thiamine (b=5.442, p=0.003), and riboflavin (b=6.838, p<0.001) intakes. Haemoglobin was weakly correlated with serum zinc levels (r=0.089, p<0.001), but not with dietary variables.
Conclusion: Animalsourced foods were associated with serum zinc, not haemoglobin, indicating that iron status is influenced by broader physiological and environmental factors. These findings emphasise nutrition programmes to promote dietary diversity and improve micronutrient bioavailability in Filipino adolescents.
Key words: adolescents, haemoglobin, micronutrient deficiencies, Philippines, serum zinc
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Nutrition literacy programme to enhance nutrition literacy, dietary behaviour, food security, and health outcomes among adults: A systematic review
Jeerapa Karnchanakomate, Ungsinun Intarakamhang & Pitchada Prasittichok
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2024-0045
Nutrition literacy programme to enhance nutrition literacy, dietary behaviour, food security, and health outcomes among adults: A systematic review
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Morbidity and mortality among adults with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are associated with poor dietary behaviours, often influenced by food security constraints. An important approach is to promote nutrition literacy to change dietary behaviours and health outcomes. The impact of nutrition literacy (NL) programmes on adults is recognised in the literature. However, there is a lack of studies that have comprehensively analysed their effects. This study aimed to conduct a literature review about NL programmes for adults to enhance nutrition literacy, dietary behaviour, food security, or health outcomes.
Methods: A systematic review was conducted on original articles from ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL, published between 2014 and 2024, targeting adults aged 18 years and over.
Results: Ten studies were eligible for inclusion; the most commonly used model was the Social Cognitive Learning Theory. Interventions focused on nutrition education, workshops, skills training/hands-on activities, consultations, family involvement, online interventions, and home visits, typically lasting 4 to 16 weeks. Assessments were conducted at baseline, post-intervention, and follow-up (3 to 12 months), showing significant enhancements in one or more outcomes, including nutrition literacy, dietary behaviour, food security, or health outcomes.
Conclusion: NL programmes showed an improvement in nutrition literacy, dietary behaviour, food security, and health outcomes. However, some studies were limited by small sample sizes, the absence of a control group, and a lack of follow-up. For future directions, high-quality randomised controlled trials and longitudinal studies could be conducted to ascertain outcomes.
Key words: adults, dietary behaviour, food security, health outcomes, nutrition literacy
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Introduction: Morbidity and mortality among adults with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are associated with poor dietary behaviours, often influenced by food security constraints. An important approach is to promote nutrition literacy to change dietary behaviours and health outcomes. The impact of nutrition literacy (NL) programmes on adults is recognised in the literature. However, there is a lack of studies that have comprehensively analysed their effects. This study aimed to conduct a literature review about NL programmes for adults to enhance nutrition literacy, dietary behaviour, food security, or health outcomes.
Methods: A systematic review was conducted on original articles from ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL, published between 2014 and 2024, targeting adults aged 18 years and over.
Results: Ten studies were eligible for inclusion; the most commonly used model was the Social Cognitive Learning Theory. Interventions focused on nutrition education, workshops, skills training/hands-on activities, consultations, family involvement, online interventions, and home visits, typically lasting 4 to 16 weeks. Assessments were conducted at baseline, post-intervention, and follow-up (3 to 12 months), showing significant enhancements in one or more outcomes, including nutrition literacy, dietary behaviour, food security, or health outcomes.
Conclusion: NL programmes showed an improvement in nutrition literacy, dietary behaviour, food security, and health outcomes. However, some studies were limited by small sample sizes, the absence of a control group, and a lack of follow-up. For future directions, high-quality randomised controlled trials and longitudinal studies could be conducted to ascertain outcomes.
Key words: adults, dietary behaviour, food security, health outcomes, nutrition literacy
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Factors associated with serum zinc levels in Iraqi patients with inactive inflammatory bowel disease
Ruaa E Alabd, Hayder G Oufi & Nawal Mehdi Firhan Alkhalidi
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0037
Factors associated with serum zinc levels in Iraqi patients with inactive inflammatory bowel disease
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This study investigated relationship between dietary habits and serum zinc levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) during remission and identified factors contributing to zinc deficiency. In ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, low zinc levels can worsen gastrointestinal symptoms. However, current evidence regarding serum zinc levels in IBD patients remains conflicting.
Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at two hospitals, including 60 patients with IBD and 30 healthy controls. Participants completed a dietary questionnaire and their serum zinc levels were measured.
Results: There were no significant differences in age (p=0.197) or sex (p=0.956) between groups. Employment and income levels were significantly lower in IBD patients (p<0.001 and p=0.004, respectively). Mean serum zinc levels were lower in IBD patients than controls (Crohn’s: 71.2±8.2 μg/ dL, ulcerative colitis (UC): 69.9±8.0 μg/dL vs. control: 91.9±20.7 μg/dL; p<0.001). Women had significantly lower zinc levels than men (73.6±10.8 vs. 82.1±20.9 μg/dL; p=0.016). Dietary intake of milk and legumes showed weak correlations with zinc levels (r=0.269, p=0.010; r=0.221, p=0.036). In the multivariate model, only being female (B=-11.273; p<0.001) and having IBD (Crohn’s B = -18.26; UC B = -19.298; both p<0.001) remained significant predictors of lower zinc levels.
Conclusion: Female sex and the presence of IBD were associated with lower serum zinc levels. Dietary intake did not significantly influence zinc levels. These findings suggest that monitoring zinc levels in IBD patients, particularly women, may be crucial for disease management.
Key words: Crohn’s disease, diet, ulcerative colitis, zinc
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Introduction: This study investigated relationship between dietary habits and serum zinc levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) during remission and identified factors contributing to zinc deficiency. In ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, low zinc levels can worsen gastrointestinal symptoms. However, current evidence regarding serum zinc levels in IBD patients remains conflicting.
Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at two hospitals, including 60 patients with IBD and 30 healthy controls. Participants completed a dietary questionnaire and their serum zinc levels were measured.
Results: There were no significant differences in age (p=0.197) or sex (p=0.956) between groups. Employment and income levels were significantly lower in IBD patients (p<0.001 and p=0.004, respectively). Mean serum zinc levels were lower in IBD patients than controls (Crohn’s: 71.2±8.2 μg/ dL, ulcerative colitis (UC): 69.9±8.0 μg/dL vs. control: 91.9±20.7 μg/dL; p<0.001). Women had significantly lower zinc levels than men (73.6±10.8 vs. 82.1±20.9 μg/dL; p=0.016). Dietary intake of milk and legumes showed weak correlations with zinc levels (r=0.269, p=0.010; r=0.221, p=0.036). In the multivariate model, only being female (B=-11.273; p<0.001) and having IBD (Crohn’s B = -18.26; UC B = -19.298; both p<0.001) remained significant predictors of lower zinc levels.
Conclusion: Female sex and the presence of IBD were associated with lower serum zinc levels. Dietary intake did not significantly influence zinc levels. These findings suggest that monitoring zinc levels in IBD patients, particularly women, may be crucial for disease management.
Key words: Crohn’s disease, diet, ulcerative colitis, zinc
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Traditional and culturally relevant foods with anti-inflammatory potential in systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review
Olivia Anggraeny, Kusworini Handono, Dian Handayani, Holipah, Retno Lestari, Widya Rahmawati, Ayuningtyas Dian Ariestiningsih & Kanthi Permaningtyas Tritisari
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0023
Traditional and culturally relevant foods with anti-inflammatory potential in systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by systemic inflammation and immune dysregulation. While pharmacological treatments are essential, their adverse effects have prompted growing interest in complementary nutritional strategies. This systematic review explored the impact of key nutritional components and dietary interventions on the inflammatory processes in lupus and identified traditional and culturally relevant foods as potential sources of anti-inflammatory nutrients.
Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus for studies published between 2013 and 2023 to examine the relationship between nutrition and lupus. Outcomes were assessed based on both inflammatory biomarkers and clinical disease activity scores. In addition, traditional and culturally relevant food sources containing these nutrients were identified to support culturally adapted dietary strategies.
Results: A total of 25 studies were included: six randomised controlled trials, three nonrandomised trials, and 16 observational studies. Intervention studies examined vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, and probiotics on markers such as C-reactive protein, interleukins, and disease activity scores. Observational studies assessed links between dietary quality, micronutrient status, and disease progression. Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent and associated with increased inflammation, while supplementation improved immune function. Omega-3 fatty acids and probiotics showed benefits, although dosage variation limited comparability. Locally available fish and other marine products, leafy greens, nutrient-dense legumes, and traditional fermented foods were recognised as culturally relevant dietary sources of these nutrients.
Conclusion: Nutritional interventions demonstrated potential in improving outcomes, but heterogeneity across studies limits firm conclusions. Future culturally adapted trials are needed to validate long-term efficacy.
Key words: diet, immunity, inflammation, lupus
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Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by systemic inflammation and immune dysregulation. While pharmacological treatments are essential, their adverse effects have prompted growing interest in complementary nutritional strategies. This systematic review explored the impact of key nutritional components and dietary interventions on the inflammatory processes in lupus and identified traditional and culturally relevant foods as potential sources of anti-inflammatory nutrients.
Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus for studies published between 2013 and 2023 to examine the relationship between nutrition and lupus. Outcomes were assessed based on both inflammatory biomarkers and clinical disease activity scores. In addition, traditional and culturally relevant food sources containing these nutrients were identified to support culturally adapted dietary strategies.
Results: A total of 25 studies were included: six randomised controlled trials, three nonrandomised trials, and 16 observational studies. Intervention studies examined vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, and probiotics on markers such as C-reactive protein, interleukins, and disease activity scores. Observational studies assessed links between dietary quality, micronutrient status, and disease progression. Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent and associated with increased inflammation, while supplementation improved immune function. Omega-3 fatty acids and probiotics showed benefits, although dosage variation limited comparability. Locally available fish and other marine products, leafy greens, nutrient-dense legumes, and traditional fermented foods were recognised as culturally relevant dietary sources of these nutrients.
Conclusion: Nutritional interventions demonstrated potential in improving outcomes, but heterogeneity across studies limits firm conclusions. Future culturally adapted trials are needed to validate long-term efficacy.
Key words: diet, immunity, inflammation, lupus
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Associations between maternal and child characteristics, child feeding practices, food insecurity, and malnutrition among children aged 6-24 months in Kudat, Sabah
Mohamad Kamal bin Mohamed Lazi, Woon Fui Chee & Muhammad Lokman Bahar
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0025
Associations between maternal and child characteristics, child feeding practices, food insecurity, and malnutrition among children aged 6-24 months in Kudat, Sabah
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Malnutrition is a common health issue in the first two years of life. This study aimed to determine the associations between maternal and child characteristics, child feeding practices, food insecurity, and malnutrition among children aged 6-24 months in Kudat, Sabah.
Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 342 mother-child pairs from four government health clinics. Data on maternal and child characteristics, child feeding practices, and food insecurity were collected through interviews. Malnutrition was assessed based on anthropometric measurements extracted from medical records and classified using WHO Child Growth Standards 2006. Multiple logistic regression was used for analysis.
Results: Of 342 children, 18.1% were stunted, 18.1% were underweight, 7.9% were wasted, and 2.9% were overweight. Children of working mothers were less likely to be stunted (OR=0.19; 95% CI=0.06-0.57) but more likely to be overweight (OR=4.15; 95% CI=1.09-15.87). Increased maternal age was associated with higher odds of child wasting (OR=1.08; 95% CI=1.01-1.15). Children of obese mothers were more likely to be stunted (OR=2.93; 95% CI=1.36-6.31) and overweight (OR=6.48; 95% CI=1.16- 36.16). Having a higher number of siblings was associated with increased odds of underweight (OR=1.26; 95% CI=1.07-1.49) but reduced odds of wasting (OR=0.17; 95% CI=0.06-0.50). No association was found for child feeding practices and food insecurity.
Conclusion: Maternal factors, including employment status, age, obesity, and number of siblings, were significantly associated with child malnutrition. Targeted interventions focusing on maternal and household characteristics are recommended to effectively address malnutrition in young children.
Key words: demographic factors, child feeding practices, food insecurity, malnutrition, mother
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Introduction: Malnutrition is a common health issue in the first two years of life. This study aimed to determine the associations between maternal and child characteristics, child feeding practices, food insecurity, and malnutrition among children aged 6-24 months in Kudat, Sabah.
Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 342 mother-child pairs from four government health clinics. Data on maternal and child characteristics, child feeding practices, and food insecurity were collected through interviews. Malnutrition was assessed based on anthropometric measurements extracted from medical records and classified using WHO Child Growth Standards 2006. Multiple logistic regression was used for analysis.
Results: Of 342 children, 18.1% were stunted, 18.1% were underweight, 7.9% were wasted, and 2.9% were overweight. Children of working mothers were less likely to be stunted (OR=0.19; 95% CI=0.06-0.57) but more likely to be overweight (OR=4.15; 95% CI=1.09-15.87). Increased maternal age was associated with higher odds of child wasting (OR=1.08; 95% CI=1.01-1.15). Children of obese mothers were more likely to be stunted (OR=2.93; 95% CI=1.36-6.31) and overweight (OR=6.48; 95% CI=1.16- 36.16). Having a higher number of siblings was associated with increased odds of underweight (OR=1.26; 95% CI=1.07-1.49) but reduced odds of wasting (OR=0.17; 95% CI=0.06-0.50). No association was found for child feeding practices and food insecurity.
Conclusion: Maternal factors, including employment status, age, obesity, and number of siblings, were significantly associated with child malnutrition. Targeted interventions focusing on maternal and household characteristics are recommended to effectively address malnutrition in young children.
Key words: demographic factors, child feeding practices, food insecurity, malnutrition, mother
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Awareness of healthy plate and knowledge of healthy eating and their associated factors among adolescents in Kuala Lumpur
Loo Say Yee, Noor Azimah Muhammad & Amir Zharif Adenan
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0009
Awareness of healthy plate and knowledge of healthy eating and their associated factors among adolescents in Kuala Lumpur
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The Ministry of Health has promoted the Malaysian Healthy Plate initiative to combat obesity, yet its impact on adolescents remains limited. This study aimed to assess adolescents’ awareness of the Malaysian Healthy Plate and healthy eating knowledge, as well as their relationships with weight status, physical activity, parental support, peer influence, and social media.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 13–16-year-old students in Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, using self-administered questionnaires including sociodemographic profile, awareness of the Malaysian Healthy Plate, healthy eating knowledge, parental support, peer influence, and social media impact.
Results: Out of 306 students, 87.6% were aware of the Malaysian Healthy Plate. Using the mean score of 6.81±1.56 out of 10 as the cut-off, nearly two-thirds of the students (63.4%) had good healthy eating knowledge. Two questions that they failed were plate size and water intake. Multiple linear regression showed that higher parental support (β=0.23, 95% CI:0.06–0.41, p<0.01) and female gender (β=0.40, 95% CI:0.05–0.74, p=0.02) were significantly associated with better healthy eating knowledge.
Conclusion: Supportive parents improve adolescents’ healthy eating knowledge and targeted guidance is needed to ensure the adoption of healthier practices. Future efforts must emphasise proper food portions and the importance of plain water intake with every healthy plate.
Key words: healthy eating knowledge, healthy plate, parents, peers
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Introduction: The Ministry of Health has promoted the Malaysian Healthy Plate initiative to combat obesity, yet its impact on adolescents remains limited. This study aimed to assess adolescents’ awareness of the Malaysian Healthy Plate and healthy eating knowledge, as well as their relationships with weight status, physical activity, parental support, peer influence, and social media.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 13–16-year-old students in Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, using self-administered questionnaires including sociodemographic profile, awareness of the Malaysian Healthy Plate, healthy eating knowledge, parental support, peer influence, and social media impact.
Results: Out of 306 students, 87.6% were aware of the Malaysian Healthy Plate. Using the mean score of 6.81±1.56 out of 10 as the cut-off, nearly two-thirds of the students (63.4%) had good healthy eating knowledge. Two questions that they failed were plate size and water intake. Multiple linear regression showed that higher parental support (β=0.23, 95% CI:0.06–0.41, p<0.01) and female gender (β=0.40, 95% CI:0.05–0.74, p=0.02) were significantly associated with better healthy eating knowledge.
Conclusion: Supportive parents improve adolescents’ healthy eating knowledge and targeted guidance is needed to ensure the adoption of healthier practices. Future efforts must emphasise proper food portions and the importance of plain water intake with every healthy plate.
Key words: healthy eating knowledge, healthy plate, parents, peers
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Development of nutritional status monitoring application PEMSAGI in detecting nutritional problems among toddlers in Bali, Indonesia
Ni Ketut Sutiari, Ngakan Putu Anom Harjana, Kadek Nuansa Putri Wulandari & Siti Aisyah Solechah
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0011
Development of nutritional status monitoring application PEMSAGI in detecting nutritional problems among toddlers in Bali, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Mobile technology offers an innovative solution to nutritional challenges by providing real-time, accessible dietary information. However, the effectiveness of nutritional status monitoring applications remains under-explored in Indonesia. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the nutritional status monitoring application PEMSAGI, designed for mothers of toddlers in Bali to improve child nutrition through digital support.
Methods: Using a Design Science Research approach, the application was developed and tested in two stages. The initial phase focused on prototype design informed by stakeholder interviews, followed by a demonstration phase involving 123 respondents. Usability was evaluated using the Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ), assessing system usefulness, information quality, and interface quality. Quantitative data were analysed with RStudio, while qualitative feedback underwent thematic analysis to enhance system functionality.
Results: Most participants (90.2%) were housewives, averaging 30 years of age. The PSSUQ results showed high satisfaction, with mean scores above 5.9 across all dimensions. The application featured tools for recording maternal and child health data, receiving expert nutrition recommendations, accessing nearby healthcare services, obtaining educational materials, and tracking toddlers’ nutritional progress. Scores of 5.9 for system usefulness, 5.9 for information quality, and 6.0 for interface quality reflected strong user acceptance and usability.
Conclusion: The nutritional status monitoring application PEMSAGI demonstrated excellent usability and acceptance among mothers of toddlers in Bali, emphasising the potential of mobile health tools to improve child nutrition and support public health efforts in underserved communities.
Key words: Bali Indonesia, child nutrition, growth monitoring, maternal health, mHealth, public health intervention
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Introduction: Mobile technology offers an innovative solution to nutritional challenges by providing real-time, accessible dietary information. However, the effectiveness of nutritional status monitoring applications remains under-explored in Indonesia. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the nutritional status monitoring application PEMSAGI, designed for mothers of toddlers in Bali to improve child nutrition through digital support.
Methods: Using a Design Science Research approach, the application was developed and tested in two stages. The initial phase focused on prototype design informed by stakeholder interviews, followed by a demonstration phase involving 123 respondents. Usability was evaluated using the Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ), assessing system usefulness, information quality, and interface quality. Quantitative data were analysed with RStudio, while qualitative feedback underwent thematic analysis to enhance system functionality.
Results: Most participants (90.2%) were housewives, averaging 30 years of age. The PSSUQ results showed high satisfaction, with mean scores above 5.9 across all dimensions. The application featured tools for recording maternal and child health data, receiving expert nutrition recommendations, accessing nearby healthcare services, obtaining educational materials, and tracking toddlers’ nutritional progress. Scores of 5.9 for system usefulness, 5.9 for information quality, and 6.0 for interface quality reflected strong user acceptance and usability.
Conclusion: The nutritional status monitoring application PEMSAGI demonstrated excellent usability and acceptance among mothers of toddlers in Bali, emphasising the potential of mobile health tools to improve child nutrition and support public health efforts in underserved communities.
Key words: Bali Indonesia, child nutrition, growth monitoring, maternal health, mHealth, public health intervention
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Prevalence and predictors of household food insecurity in Kuantan, Pahang
Roselawati Mat Ya, Noraishah Mohamed Nor, Suriati Sidek, Jamalludin Ab Rahman, Norhasmah Sulaiman & Wan Azdie Mohd Abu Bakar
doi: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2025-0044
Prevalence and predictors of household food insecurity in Kuantan, Pahang
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Food insecurity exists whenever people are unable to access nutritionally sufficient and safe food most of the time for an active and healthy lifestyle. Households are a potentially vulnerable population that may face food insecurity. This study aimed to identify prevalence and predictors of food insecurity among households in Kuantan, Pahang.
Methods: Food security status was assessed using Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). Variables assessed included socioeconomic background and demographics.
Results: A total of 110 households in urban and rural areas were chosen using multistage random selection. According to the findings, 45.3% of households were facing food insecurity, with 38.0% experiencing mild food insecurity, 6.4% experiencing moderate food insecurity, and 0.9% experiencing severe food insecurity. Food insecurity in urban areas was 36.7%, while food insecurity in rural areas was 48.8%. Food insecurity was found to be related to household income [AOR: 19.33 (95% CI: 2.41, 154.95; p=0.005)], mother’s employment status [AOR: 3.92 (95% CI: 1.40, 10.97; p=0.009)], and mother’s marital status [AOR: 11.68 (95% CI: 1.17, 115.97; p=0.036)].
Conclusion: The findings indicated that food insecurity is an alarming problem for households in Kuantan, Pahang, which suggests that more research is necessary to address the multifaceted nature of the issue.
Key words: food insecurity, food insecurity experience scale, households
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Introduction: Food insecurity exists whenever people are unable to access nutritionally sufficient and safe food most of the time for an active and healthy lifestyle. Households are a potentially vulnerable population that may face food insecurity. This study aimed to identify prevalence and predictors of food insecurity among households in Kuantan, Pahang.
Methods: Food security status was assessed using Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). Variables assessed included socioeconomic background and demographics.
Results: A total of 110 households in urban and rural areas were chosen using multistage random selection. According to the findings, 45.3% of households were facing food insecurity, with 38.0% experiencing mild food insecurity, 6.4% experiencing moderate food insecurity, and 0.9% experiencing severe food insecurity. Food insecurity in urban areas was 36.7%, while food insecurity in rural areas was 48.8%. Food insecurity was found to be related to household income [AOR: 19.33 (95% CI: 2.41, 154.95; p=0.005)], mother’s employment status [AOR: 3.92 (95% CI: 1.40, 10.97; p=0.009)], and mother’s marital status [AOR: 11.68 (95% CI: 1.17, 115.97; p=0.036)].
Conclusion: The findings indicated that food insecurity is an alarming problem for households in Kuantan, Pahang, which suggests that more research is necessary to address the multifaceted nature of the issue.
Key words: food insecurity, food insecurity experience scale, households
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